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Isaac Newton was a great English scientist.

He was born in 1642 in a little village in Lincolnshire: Newton’s father was a farmer and died before his son’s birth.

When Newton was 15, his uncle re-moved him from school because he wanted to make a farmer of him.

But a young Isaac was a bad farmer and his uncle sent him to the University of Cambridge.

After graduation from the University he became a professor of Mathematics and lectured at Cambridge for more than 30 years.

In 1665 the great plague broke in England and Cambridge was closed — Newton had to return home for eighteen months.

It was the most important period in his life when he made his three great discoveries — those of the differential calculuses, of the nature of white light and of the law of gravitation.

He advanced an idea that light consisted of small particles — corpuscles (today the scientists call them photons).

Later on he, however, came to the conclusion that light had a dual nature, namely, it was a combination of the corpuscles and the ethereal waves.

Newton was also interested in the problem of what was the cause of the motion of the planets.

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Polina Stopuschkina about  Michael Faradey

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Polina Stopuschkina about  Michael Faradey

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English scientist Michael Faraday  is one of the great scientists in the history of man's work in electricity.
He was born in a small village near London on September 11, 1791, in a poor family.
At the age of thirteen Michael went to work in a bookbinder's shop, because he didn't have much schooling.
There was an interest in science. Some time later Michael became a pupil of great scientist of that time, Sir Humphry Davy. The boy accompanied Davy in his trips to Europe.
Faraday met Ampere, who had already made a name for himself in the history of electricity.
English scientist danced with delight on his table whan he got what he wanted by moving the magnet near wire. This was a great moment in the history of man's electrical experiments. But Faraday didn't stop at this.

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Vitalina Datsuk about a famous scientist

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Vitalina Datsuk about a famous scientist

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Michael Faraday was born on 22 September 1791 in south London. His family was not well off and Faraday received only a basic formal education. When he was 14, he was apprenticed to a local bookbinder and during the next seven years, educated himself by reading books on a wide range of scientific subjects. In 1813 he got a job as a laboratory assistant at the Royal Institution. Then in 1813-1815 Faraday toured France, Switzerland, Italy and Southern Germany with Humphrey Davy. On 12 June 1821 Faraday married Sarah Barnard. The couple did not have children. The same year, 1821 Faraday discovered electromagnetic rotation. Then in 1831 Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, the principle behind the electricity generator. Meanwhile in 1825 Faraday was made director of the laboratory at the Royal Institution. Faraday was also an accomplished chemist. In 1825 he isolated benzene. In 1830 Faraday became professor of chemistry at the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich. (He held the post until 1852). In 1836 he became scientific adviser to Trinity House (the body responsible for lighthouses). However, in the early 1840s, Faraday’s health began to deteriorate. He died on 25 August 1867.

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Vitalina Datsuk about environmental problems

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Vitalina Datsuk about environmental problems

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Water Pollution
Water covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface. It is very important resource for people and the environment. One of the most urgent problems of today’s life is pollution and especially water pollution. A lot of people can’t drink water from the rivers they live at or use tap water, because most of seas and rivers are used as dumps for industrial and nuclear wastes. These substances are harmful for life beings. This results in water poisoning, which kills fish and sea animals. When animals eat other animals that are already poisoned, the chemicals are passed up through the food chain and become even more harmful. Moreover this poisoned fish can be eaten by people and cause various diseases. Water pollution destroys ecosystems.
The pollutants include fertilizers and pesticides, food processing waste, lead and other heavy metals and different chemicals.
However, we should care about our future and our children’s future. Now more and more ecological organizations appear that try to struggle for pure water. They make protests against big factories that pollute rivers, seas and lakes. What can we do to prevent water pollution? First of all, we should never throw rubbish anywhere and try to find a rubbish bin. We should also use water wisely – don’t keep the tap running when you don’t use it. Moreover, we can try to reduce the amount of water when washing or taking a bath. One more good idea is buying ecofriendly cleaning liquids that we use at home – all these measures can help to decrease water pollution.

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Ludmila Turenko about some ecological problems

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Ludmila Turenko about some ecological problems

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We all worry about the state of environment. The ecological problems must be solved without delay but this requires much investment of money and human resources. Nowadays a lot of people lead an unnatural way of life. They lose connection with nature. Those simple things of life like sunshine and fresh air become premium. Tall buildings block out the sun. Traffic fumes pollute the atmosphere.I know that there are a lot of international organizations and movements aimed on protecting nature and our Mother Earth. I hope they will succeed and the environment will become clean and safe one day.

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Darwin had not planned to be a scientist. He wanted to become a doctor. But he was interested in plants and animals.

A friend who knew about Darwin's interest in nature invited him to take the trip. Charles was 22 when he left England for a five-year trip around the world.

This trip is a very important one in the history of science, for it led Darwin to write one of the worlds most famous books. The book is "The Origin of Species".

It gives Darwin's ideas of how all the plants and animals of today have come from the very simple plants and animals that first lived on the Earth. Darwin was seasick for much of the voyage, but he came back with the notes for his great book.

He visited the Galapagos Islands, Australia, New Zealand. There he saw many strange plants and animals.

These were Darwin's chief ideas: many more plants and animals are produced than can possibly live. There is no two plants and animals, even of the same kind, which would be exactly alike.

The idea that all the plants and animals of today came from the simple plants and animals of long ago is called "The theory of evolution"

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We live in a time when the environment is in danger,so it is important to protect it.We must protect the nature now to prevent health problems in future,to maintain the ecosystem,and to preserie the Earth for our children.Pollution from factories and cars makes the air dirty.Many rives and lakes are also polluted.There is rubbish everywhere.The unhealthy environment disturbs our ecosystem.Many plants and animals are in danger.If we do not protect our environment it will continue to get worse and our children will suffer the consequences.I think there are a lot of ways we can help to save the Earth and everyone should use them.The first and the eastest way is to reuse plastic goods and not to throw rubbish everywhere.Also we should save water,plant tress and try to use bikes and buses instead of cars or just go on foot.Factories and plants should control the amounts of pollution they produce and our gavernment should build plants for recycling the rubbish.Without clean air,water and ground,healthy ecosystem the human race will not survine.That is why protecting air environment is so important

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Твіри Орлов 9 Б 

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Твіри Орлов 9 Б 

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Dear John
I am pleased to receive a letter from you . I am writing to tell you about the famous person Maria Skladowska-Curie.
Skladowska was born in Warsaw , Poland in 1867 . She has been talented since childhood . Then , Maria started studies at Sorbonne University in Paris . In 1895 she married Pierre Curie . Then , she worked on radioactivity . And in 1898 she discovered polonium . Them , she won the Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of radioactivity .
I am looking forward to hearing from you .
Yours ,
David

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The protection of nature has become one of the most burning problems of the 20th century. The worsening of the ecological situation has been closely linked to the Chernobyl explosion. It has caused widespred illnesses and made the land in the area unusable. Another issue of concern in Ukraine  is the question  of where to put nuclear  waste. This waste is largely the spent fuel of reactors. It is radioactive,and some of its components remain so forever.The waste is held at temporary sites until a solution of the problem can be found. At present the most promising solution of waste storage is recycling. Another environmental problem is air pollution. One of its results is acid rain. It is caused by smoke frome factories and transport. So we have to take care of our planet because it is the key to our survival.

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Environmental problems have become one of the most urgent problems of modern society. More and more people suffer from air and water pollution . Nature also suffers from land and nuclear pollution . The reasons for such environmental problems are numerous . Among them increasing number of cars in streets , factory waste , millions of cut down trees . All these problems mainly arise due to human careless activities and gradually destroy our planet . If everybody starts caring about the planet we live on , many environmental problems can be solved . Local governments can also help to prevent some problems. The most important thing is of course to start acting immediately , otherwise we might have to face many global disasters .

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1.The least harmful garbage that can be seen on the streets of small towns and villages, but it brings a lot of trouble to residents.

2. Food waste-decomposition period of 30 days

Potato cleaning, cutting meat and everything that remains edible after cooking can be attributed to this type of garbage. Also not so dangerous.

3. Newsprint-term of decomposition 1-4 months

Before you throw the newspaper on the road, think that for another 4 months the residents of your yard will admire the muddy paper.

4. Leaves, seeds, twigs-decomposition period 3-4 months

If the parks are not cleaned of natural debris utilities, soon people would be walking the mountains of branches and leaves.

5. Cardboard boxes-term of decomposition 3 months

Quite harmless waste if to throw out it in garbage cans.

6. Office paper-term of decomposition 2 years

Yeah, imagine. The whole point is in the composition and density: the paper is made precisely to ensure that the documents printed on it can be stored for a long time, which does not ignore, unfortunately, the term of its decomposition.

7. Boards-term of decomposition 10 years

Conventional boards, which are used on construction sites. Of course, if they are not subject to any processing (for example, impregnation with fuel oil).

8. Iron banks-term of decomposition 10 years

Like boards, cans of stew or condensed milk will rot in the ground for another 10 years after you throw them under a tree in the forest.

9. Old shoes-decomposition period of 10 years

Here all of course depends on the composition of the shoes and the degree of wear, but on average, leatherette shoes will decompose the tenth part of the century.

10. Fragments of brick and concrete-decomposition period of 100 years

It is the garbage that each company-Builder prefers to bury under the Playground in the yard. Yes, and so quite often make. Perhaps this is justified: after all, "Stalinka" are already 80 years =)

11. The rechargeable car batteries — term decay 100 years

Such garbage which is more favorable, of course, to hand over on processing. After all, for 1 spent battery (20-25 kg) can help out about 500 rubles.

12. Foil — the period of decomposition of more than 100 years

Yes, despite the fact that the thickness of the iron leaf is less than 0.5 mm, it is very strongly compressed. So do not throw out the packaging of their meat products in campaigns.

13. Electric batteries-term of decomposition 110 years

Here the role is played not only by the decomposition period, but also the environmental damage caused by the lithium battery, oxidizing. A lot of charities fighting for the purity of the planet, offer to save batteries, so they then came and took them away from you.

14. Rubber tyres — term decomposition of 120-140 years

Rubber belongs to one of the most resistant materials. Fortunately, when changing rubber on a HUNDRED, most drivers leave their old as a gift, or for a nominal price the same. And smart holders of the service then pass it for recycling.

15. Plastic bottles — period decomposition of 180-200 years

Plastic is also very dangerous and toxic, not to mention the fact that it is not very pleasant to look at the roadsides strewn with empty plastic bottles of Coca-Cola.

16. Aluminum cans — term decay 500 years

Almost the most dangerous garbage. It decomposes for a long time, emits harmful substances during oxidation, prevails on our planet.

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The main threat to the planet is us. Nature is suffering from pollution of water and air. Causes of pollution: increase in the number of cars on the roads, waste plants, millions of cut down trees, the destruction of the natural habitat of animals, polluted rivers and seas. If everyone takes care of the Earth, many environmental problems will be solved. If we start recycling paper and cardboard, we'll save a lot of trees. One ton of recycled paper can save 17 trees. The most important thing is to act now, otherwise we will have to face global catastrophes.

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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on two large islands called the British Isles. The larger island is Great Britain, which consists of three parts: England, Scotland and Wales. The smaller island is Ireland and there are about five thousand small islands.

The country’s shores are washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Irish Sea. The English channel separate Great Britain from the continent.

The total area of the U.K. is 244.00 square kilometers with a population of 56 million. It is one of the most populated countries in the world. The average density of population is very high: about 220 people per square kilometer. The greater part of the population is urban. About 80 percent of people live in numerous towns and cities. More then seven million people live in London area. Very often the inhabitants of The United Kingdom and Northern Ireland are called English.

The surface of the British Isles varies very mach. There are many mountains in Scotland, Wales and northwest of England but they are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain. The northern part of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands. Scotland is also famous for its beautiful lakes, which are called Lochs.

The mountains in G.B. are not very high. There are many rivers in G.B., but they are not very long. The Themes is the deepest, the longest and the most important river in England.

The climate of G.B. is mild. It is not very cold in winter and hot in summer. The average temperature in January is about 5C above zero. February is the coldest month in the year. The summers are cool and rainy. July is the warmest month. There is much rain and flog in autumn and winter. October is the rainiest month in the year.

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Cambridge - a city in the UK,located in the East of England,lies on the River Camhe, the administrative center of the Country. The city is home to one of the best universities in the world.
The population of the town is about 130 thousand people, including 22 thousand students.
The University of Cambridge which was founded in 1209 is also situated here. It is ranked one of the best and prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world. It is also the second oldest university in the English-speaking world.
The university houses 114 libraries with over 8 million volumes. It also contains eight arts, cultural and scientific museums, and a botanic garden. Among them, the Museum of Zoology, the Museum of Classical Archeology, the Museum of the History of Science, the Polar Museum. By the way, many important scientific discoveries were made by Cambridge graduates, such Isaac Newton, James Maxwell, Francis Bacon, Charles Darwin and others.

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St Paul's Cathedral is the work of the famous architect Sir Christopher Wren.

It is said to be one of the finest pieces of architecture in Europe.

Work onWren's masterpiece began in 1675 after a Norman church, old St Paul's, wasdestroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.

For 35 years the building of St Paul'sCathedral went on, and Wren was an old man before it was finished.

From far away you can see the huge dome with a golden ball and cross on thetop.

The interior of the Cathedral is very beautiful. It is full of monuments.

The most important, perhaps, is the one dedicated to the Duke of Wellington.After looking round you can climb 263 steps to the Whispering Gallery, whichruns round the dome.

It is called so, because if someone whispers close tothe wall on one side, a person with his ear close to the wall on the other sidecan hear what is said. But if you want to reach the foot of the ball, you have toclimb 637 steps.

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Cardiff is the capital of Wales. Is situated in South Wales, on the western side of Great Britain. Cardiff was made a city in 1905, and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955. It is the largest city and capital of Wales. It's the main commercial and cultural center of the country with an estimated population of 350,000 in 2014, which makes it the 9th largest city in the United Kingdom. Cardiff’s expansion stemmed from the development of coal and iron ore mines around Merthyr Tydfil. Cardiff Central railway station is the largest railway station in Wales. Cardiff has its own international airport, which provides fast links between Cardiff and the rest of the UK. Cardiff’s port  by 1913 Cardiff had become the largest coal-exporting port in the world.

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London Transport Museum – Based in the heart of Covent   Garden, the museum explores the powerful link between transport and the growth of modern London, its culture and society since  1800. The collection originated in the 1920s, when the London General Omnibus Company decided to preserve two Victorian horse buses and an early motorbus for future generations. The Museum of British Transport opened in an old bus garage in Clapham, south London, during the 1960s, before moving to Syon Park in west London in 1973 as the London Transport Collection. In 1980, the public display moved again, this time to occupy the Victorian Flower Market building in Covent Garden as London Transport Museum. Highlights include the iconic red London bus, the world’s first Underground steam train and the padded cell – a train carriage dating back to the 1890s. The 6.000sq ft depot opens to the public for special events, including themed weekends and guided tours

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