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Option 2 should be attempted first, because there are better chance that senior management would act upon understanding the new risks of the project.

Option 3 is Faisal going against his company, which could put the company in a bad situation. It would resolve the issue however, but this should not be attempted unless the issue can't be resolved internally.

Option 1 and 4 are the worst options as they both ignore the glaring issue and hoping the issue would somehow disappear on its own, or resolved eventually by other people.

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1. This would assume that Faisal's evaluation is wrong about the security hole. The risk persist however, that the possibility of him being correct, therefore, if no actions had been taken, would cause a lot of damages to all parties involved.
2. The direct management could not be approached regarding this issue, so Faisal could try to alert the senior management, who would hopefully have better understanding of the implications of the situation and act accordingly
3. Faisal out of frustration could go to Company Y and tell them about the security hole that he discovered. While this may sound like a logical step, this would affect Company Z's integrity if Faisal is proven both correct and incorrect, because Company Y would have assumed that the matter could not be handled internally, that Faisal had to go to them to try to notify them.
4. The easy way out for Faisal is to run away from this situation, although his moral and ethical obligations would prevent him from doing so. While Faisal would be freed from the confused state, the issue would still be there unresolved.

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1. Nothing and hope Faisal is wrong, and nothing bad happens.
2. Faisal could approach the higher level of management in hopes to clear up his concerns
3. Faisal could go to Company Y and tell them of the issue himself
4. Faisal could quit the company to be relieved from his dilemma

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5. What are the ethical issues and implications?

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5. What are the ethical issues and implications?

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1. Primacy of Public Interest - the public interest here is that both company X and Y be made aware about this harmful situation. The management chose to stay quiet because they deem it is not their problem to get involved in things they are not tasked with.
2. Enhancement of Quality of Life - while the software itself is supposed to improve X and Y, it is also allowing the hackers who are able to enter Company Y's system into Company X's system, causing harm rather than helping improve their quality of life
3. Honesty - professionals are to conduct themselves with integrity and honesty, which includes voicing their honest professional opinions to concerning parties.
4. Professionalism - there are time and place to apply contract theory exclusively, but when it affects third parties in negative ways, professionals should have sought out other approaches to ensure the minimisation of the negative impact as much as possible

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- Company Y - the company which security hole which hackers could exploit from. Knowing this information and not informing them would cause this problem to persist and keep causing issues and affecting other systems.
- Company X - they are negatively affected because of the software that lets both Company Y and X's database systems to interface, thus hackers, who have access to private records in Company Y's database system, would also have access to Company X's database information.
- Company Z - the impact of this issue being left untreated could have a disastrous effect towards the reputation and survivability of Company Z, who would undoubted be putting all their resources to make amends to their mistakes.
- Faisal - the honest employee who was placed into ethical dilemma and state of confusion, who understood that a software that he helped build could possibly enable Company X's system to be compromised.
- The management of Company Z - the people who rebuffed Faisal's concerns may want to look back to this incident and regret their decision, should the problem gets blown out of proportion.

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THIS IS ETHICAL ISSUES ONLY, NOTHING TO DO WITH THEIR WEAK PROCESS IN QA DURING THE FIRST RUN

- Faisal had identified a major security issue, which could be aggravated (made worse) through the implementation of the software he developed, because it would enable the security hole from Company Y to be transferred to Company X using the software. While fixing the security hole was not part of their task, Company Z is still obliged to let Company X and Y know of the situation and recommend a solution that does not make matters worse.
- The management rebuffed Faisal's concern stating the security concerns were not what they were tasked to do, which is correct (he is applying contract theory here). He did not however consider the implication of this issue if left untreated towards Company X and Y, which could potentially harm Company Z's reputation.
- Faisal was left in a confused state where his moral stopped him to continue working on the project, but his contract and professional duties compelled him to keep working. Clearly he did not get the satisfaction he sought by addressing the security concerns, so if his concerns was not addressed fully, it may result in disgruntled employee, which could have adverse (negative) effect towards Company Z.

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- Faisal is a software programmer who is tasked with developing a software that enables Company X and Y's system to interface to be able to access each other's records.
- During the first live server test of the software, there was no reported issues and all was working accordingly.
- Several weeks later, Faisal discovered a "security hole" in Company Y's system which could affect Company X (because of the software he developed that lets both database systems to interface with each other).
- Faisal addressed this security issue to his manager, who told him to keep doing what he was assigned because the security concerns were not "their problem".

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Faisal is a software programmer who is tasked to develop a software program to enable access and retrieval of information to and from Company X and Y's databases. While he believed he had developed a correct software that is able to complete the tasks successfully, he discovered a serious "security hole" in company Y's system which could compromise the software and subsequently, company's X's system. He voiced his concerns to his manager, who promptly waved him off by saying it was not their problem as they are tasked only to write the software. Faisal is left in a moral and ethical conundrum.

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For example microsoft .net framework 1.1 released after only 2 months from the v1.0.
Also, Apple release Iphone X with known issues.

But, they could be said this version is pre-release v. xxx or alfa version or beta version.

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Is to remember all of these, which is impossible. I urge you to understand the reasons behind my arguments so you would be able to apply these theories and analyse the ethical issues in your own words during exam :)

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Mention again if cyber trespass in your opinion is justifiable (good/bad/neutral), and if there are any exceptional cases of this. Considering all of the ethical issues, can Joe's action be excused, even if this was an innocent mistake? Which classical ethical theory do you agree with and which one should he have applied? (can be more than 1).

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Body 1, 2, 3. You can start with the ethical implications of his actions (body 1). Then flow to the Code of Ethics issues of Joe's actions (body 2). Then talk about the classical theories and argue if Joe had been driven by any of the theories, and if he had, what would he have done differently. (body 3). 3-4 paragraphs I think!

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You can start strong here, talk about cyber crime and types of cyber crime. Flow the introduction towards the topic of cyber trespass. Discuss what it is and mention if there are justifiable grounds to allow cyber-trespass. Talk about the case study. Don't say right or wrong, just talk facts. This essay is going to analyse this case study by applying classical theories, as well as disseminating the ethical issues that are presented in this scenario.

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You can relate to Joe's situation as a student. I think this one may come out!

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1. Did Joe perform his duty? As IT professional, clearly not. If he had been performing his duties, he would have acted out of moral and ethical codes as laid out by ACS, as well as his responsibilities of a law-abiding member of the school.
2. Did Joe consider the happiness of majority? No, he acted out of the interests of his own without regard of other parties. You can mention though that by doing this, he is possiblt benefiting his friends who are also doing the same course as him.
3. Was Joe being virtuous? No, otherwise he would have considered all options before deciding to help himself by unlawfully allowing himself more time. A virtuous person would consider all facts and the implications before making a decision.
4. Was Joe fulfilling his contract? His agreement as a student was to oblige to the rules and policies as laid out by the school to all its members. College policy typically would have policies regarding criminal activities. So clearly here Joe is not fulfilling his contract duties.

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1. Primacy of Public Interest - Joe clearly acted out of his own interests without considering the implications of his actions towards the instructor, other students, and the college.
2. Honesty - Joe was discreet in his action. He had consulted the instructor initially to request more time, but due to lack of reply, decided to take matters in his own hands without notifying anyone.
3. Professionalism - in an IT environment, its professionals are bound by the Code of Ethics to hold themselves respectfully and to possess integrity in their actions. Joe disrespected his fellow IT professionals (instructor, other students, school members) by allowing himself to do whatever he felt was convenient to him.

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1. Cyber-trespass - There would be policies outlawing the unauthorised access to the server and its files which belong to the school. By allowing himself access to the master account to modify its content without authorisation, Joe is committing cyber-crime here, specifically cybertrespass.
2. Issues regarding security - by allowing himself to waltz into the system through master account, Joe is exposing the system to further security threats.
3. Even though Joe had conducted this activity with good intentions, he could have sought alternatives that does not involve committing crime or breaking policies and rules.
4. Joe's action may also have affected other students who are doing the same course, subsequently affecting the instructor and the school's security system.
5. He could have sought out other options such as accepting the penalty that comes with late submission rather than resorting to this alternative.
6. Consider that with the Master Account, Joe would have access to information not privy to public knowledge. This is a breach to privacy and intellectual property. Privacy because: we can assume the master account can access sensitive information that belongs to other people. Intellectual property because: we can also assume that the master account has access to internal files that are not meant for public viewing.

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Your conclusion about this case study. Stress on the importance of ethics (competency, professionalism, integrity, enhancement of quality of life). i.e. systems are made to make people's life easier. If the resulting of this "upgrade" is the alternative, a lot of work needs to be done in attempt to reverse the damage that had been caused. Reiterate your point of view again (right/wrong/neutral). And mention which classical theory you agree with in this case and which one you believe should have been applied.

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Body 1, 2, 3 - 3 to 4 paragraphs, but I think you can attempt in 3. Keep bullshitting and a good plus if you can use a real life example of similar situation and how they handled it. Maybe you can refer to your experience in working in such situation before.

Also you can mention what the management could have done instead. Something like reporting the issue and requesting extra budget to address the situation because neglecting it will inevitably cause bigger issues in the future.

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Present the facts first. What is going on, and what has been done. Stress the purpose of the system upgrade, which is to possibly keep the system up to date with latest technology, better security and easier support in the future. Mention how the development team had done their task of building a new system with new coding convention, but had neglected the existing system. The result is incorrect data being extracted and analysed due to new coding convention being used on legacy systems. This essay will address the ethical issues presented in the case study through the application of classical ethical theory, as well as the ACS Code of Ethics.

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ICT professionalism

Privacy

Security

Cyber-crime

Intellectual property

Regulation on the internet

Social inclusion

Community and identity

Pervasive and convergent computing.

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Option 2 and 5 are the best because option 2 attempts to clean up the mess and option 5 added a layer of security to lower this risk from happening in the future.

Option 1 should be avoided as it is not a matter of IF the legal troubles will happen, but WHEN they would happen. It may be the most beneficial towards the company financially, but the consequences could be disastrous towards the company and its employees.

Option 3 (whistleblowing) should not be attempted unless all avenues have been explored and the problem still persisted.

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1. This is what the supervisor would have wanted, stay quiet and hopefully it all goes away. Considering the money the company gets from ABC for these unlawful copies of software, the company is ripping its customer off their money, and if it gets found out, company X could face legal troubles with both the software developers as well as ABC.
2. Tell ABC about this software that meets their requirements and provide them with the information about licensing, then offer to reinstall the correct software into their computers. ABC may want to seek some sort of compensation for the initial damages however, but company X would be in the clear afterwards.
3. Telling the software developer about company X's unlawful practices so that they would contact the company themselves, as a form of whistleblowing. This would cause a lot of issues for all parties and should not be chosen unless all other alternatives have been exhausted and had been proven to not solve the issue.
4. Find the root of the problem and demand him to be relieved from his position for this wrongdoing, then issue an apology to ABC. While the firing would likely not solve anything, the issue apology would be the first steps into mending the relationship with ABC
5. If by chance the staff are not familiar or had been neglecting their moral and ethical responsibilities, they ought to be reminded their obligations as practitioners in the IT industry, to ensure the same problem does not arise in the future

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1. Nothing and hope it doesn't get found out
2. Come clean (be honest) with ABC and offer to reinstall with correct licenses
3. Contact the company who made the software and tell them what happened
4. FIRE the supervisor and issue apology to ABC
5. Staff training about the importance of ethics and upholding yourselves in professional manner as members of the company

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5. What are the ethical issues and implications?

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5. What are the ethical issues and implications?

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- The Primacy of Public Interest - while company X is somewhat solving ABC's problem by providing copies of the software to them, the ramifications (effects) of their actions were not considered, and could have potentially big negative impact to them.
- Honesty - company X was contracted to upgrade their inventory system. If an existing software is already available out there, it should have been informed to them, rather than charging them at a cost to install unlawful copies of the software into their computers.
- Competence - company X brags itself as a provider of specialised financial services to SMB (small/medium businesses). Providing them with a pre-existing software in the market is hardly 'specialised', nor competent.
- Professional Development - there is no personal or professional development in installing software into computers
- Professionalism: the supervisor disregarded my professional opinion about the wrongdoing. (not sure about this one)

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- Myself - as a moral computer programmer who understands the ramifications of distributing copyrighted material, the supervisor's request had put me in an incriminating position.
- Company X - given that the company lawfully obtained a copy of the software for their own use, they are breaking the user agreement and copyright rules by distributing the software.
- The staff at company X - if the company get caught in trouble for this, the staff are immediately affected as there could be threats of the company being affected adversely that the staff could lose their jobs
- The supervisor - although he was ignorant about the legalities of his actions, he would undoubtedly get in big trouble once this issue comes to light.
- ABC Hardware - they are the client who had trusted company X to solve their problem of re-engineering their inventory system. Company X is breaking their trust by acting unlawfully and dishonestly. They could also be affected in the copyright infringement situation as the party benefiting from this, unbeknownst to them

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- Company X was tasked by ABC Hardware to re-engineer and re-invent their inventory system. If the end result of the project is to recommend a software as is without modifications, company X should have been forthcoming (honest) about it to ABC.
- It was unclear where company X obtained the software that was recommended, but the supervisor insisted it be installed into ABC's computers. There are 2 issues here:
1. We don't know where the software came from, and if it is safe to use. (is it a legit copy?)
2. The software that was asked to be installed was not obtained for use at ABC, so this is copyright infringement.

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- I am a computer programmer working for company X
- Company X has an important client, ABC Hardware, who would like their inventory system re-engineered.
- Supervisor asked me for my recommendation of which software we can use to help them
- Based on my knowledge and experience, I recommended a somewhat expensive software which I think would be good fit without modifications
- Supervisor insisted that we install the software that is licensed for us, into ABC computers.
- My concerns of licensing agreement was ignored by the supervisor who added, "nobody is going to find out".

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In this case study, I am a computer programmer working for company X who is asked by my supervisor to install an inventory software into client's computers, using licenses that are owned by our company X. I stated that it would violate the licensing agreement but I was told to do it anyway, reassuring that nobody was going to find out.

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Visit: https://padlet.com/sng8/506pad for your previous answer :D

P.S. I think this one won't come in exam, but if it does, you already know how to do it. I will do my version again just in case

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1. Deontology - are they performing their duties? Their duty is to program a system to replace the legacy system. Is it also their duty to translate the legacy system into the new system?
2. Utilitarianism - did they consider the happiness of many? Definitely applied internally as not spending more money and doing more work would be the preference of the people involved. But looking at the bigger picture, the disabled community at large is adversely affected
3. Virtue - are they virtuous in their actions? Definitely not, they did not consider the implication of having a system that produces incorrect results
4. Contract - yes they are probably doing what the contract stated, and we can only assume that the internal team did what was required and not more. If translating the legacy system into the new system is part of the contract, then they have broken this rule as well

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BODY 2 - What are the ACS Code of Ethics issues?

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BODY 2 - What are the ACS Code of Ethics issues?

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1. The Primacy of Public Interest - the company clearly put the needs of the own before the public interest, by doing things that are convenient for them rather than useful to others.
2. The Enhancement of Quality of Life - knowing the new coding convention is going to produce incorrect analytical results, the management decided to ignore this and let the system be used and produce incorrect statistical reports.
3. Honesty - the management and the internal team did nothing of sort to rectify or to make the issue known. Neither did they try plan to fix the problem in the future.
4. Competence - the management shown lack of understanding and lack of adaptation skills when it comes to completing this project. It seems like the management did what they had to do to complete a task and ignore the circumstances with the system having legacy codes.

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1. The team, while possibly completed their jobs in creating a functional system to replace the legacy code, quite possibly caused more damage to the whole system by ignoring to rework the legacy codes due to management decision.
2. Clearly the system is imperative (important) for making decisions and policies based on the statistical results of the disabled community. By neglecting to work on the previous system, the team is unwittingly falsifying information and data which would be putting the disabled community at disadvantage. (I think this is borderline cyber-crime but I am not sure)
3. It is very unprofessional to ignore an important decision like this, and the inaction speaks volume about the competency as well as the integrity of the management, who seemed to be looking out for themselves first.

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What do you agree with? Why is this right, why is that wrong? Why is this good and that bad? What could have been done differently to avoid this issue? Mention again what is the most important thing in your opinion to consider when faced with dilemmas like these. You can say crap like how the ACS Code of Ethics should be the driving force of your actions.

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Body 1 2 3 of above boxes - basically start with sounding factual, not taking sides, but saying things as they are. Then apply the code of ethics and classical ethical theories. Maybe 3 - 4 paragraphs

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THIS SECTION you write in general terms without taking sides. SO present the facts, and arguments for both sides (good and bad). Then complete the introduction part with the purpose of the essay.

Talk about in general what the program is supposed to do (help people with their taxes, help the company be successful). Present facts of the case study. Talk about how there is this company looking out for themselves to compete in the industry, this is an opportunity for them to capitalise in the market by gaining early buyers. However, there are dangers of such practice (talk about them). Even though the issue was eventually rectified (corrected) per disclaimert, this case has presented several ethical dilemmas. This essay will discuss these ethical issues in depth by applying classical ethical theories. Through the understanding of the ethical dilemmas presented in this case, this essay will also identify the best course of action that is in adherence to the ACS Code of Professional Ethics.

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THESE ARE JUST GUIDELINES... NOW TO THE PARAGRAPHS

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THESE ARE JUST GUIDELINES... NOW TO THE PARAGRAPHS

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IF programmer is applying contract theory, what would they do differently..

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IF programmer is applying contract theory, what would they do differently..

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They would perform their duties as specified on the contract, to not work more or less than the specified hours, to not perform their duties beyond the duties and responsibilities stated in the contract.

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IF programmer is applying virtue theory, what would they do differently..

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IF programmer is applying virtue theory, what would they do differently..

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They would strive for personal improvement and the well-being of others, by taking the best possible action based on the information they can gather, i.e. seeing a colleague in need of help but their own work is not yet finished, they would want to be smart in approaching this, such as suggestion to other solutions (so they won't abandon their own work to help others without thinking).

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IF programmer is applying utilitarianism, what would they do differently..

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IF programmer is applying utilitarianism, what would they do differently..

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They would be influenced by their colleagues in their actions, i.e. taking breaks when others are taking breaks, requesting deadline extension because others are having difficulty meeting the same deadline. Because their actions would be based on what's good for the greater population.

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IF programmer is applying deontology, what would they do differently..

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IF programmer is applying deontology, what would they do differently..

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They would do things that they might not like but is their duty, something like working overtime. Because it is their moral duty to complete work by x time by sacrificing time. Another example could be an employee fulfilling their religious duties before work, like praying during work hours (but I think this is a pretty sensitive subject)

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EXAM QUESTION!! Application of classical ethical theories in ICT Professions

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EXAM QUESTION!! Application of classical ethical theories in ICT Professions

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How would a programmer apply all 4 classical theories in their work?

Other IT roles that may be asked can be Project Manager

I hope this can give you an insight of how to apply these theories into practice during exam!

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1. Did they do their duty as programmers in this case? (deontology?) NO
If practicing deontology, they would be adhering to the ACS Code of Professional Practice.
2. Did they consider the happiness of majority in this case? NO. They are looking out for themselves. The majority of people were affected negatively using this software. The people in the company (board and director, business people in the company) may be happy, but the programmers may not be happy. Would you be happy? You can mention your own opinion here.
3. Did they present themselves virtuously? NO. A virtuous person will consider all facts before performing an action. If knowing that releasing an unfinished program will harm its users, the company will not have considered doing it.
4. Did they perform contract theory here? The people involved with the product launch would have applied it here in doing their job as specified. The president would have done it because it is in their contract to finish the product within certain times. But the application of this theory alone is dangerous, because your actions would be limited to contract agreement, which may not be well-developed or well-written.

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1. Deontology
2. Utilitarianism
3. Virtue
4. Contract

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1. By allowing the program to go public before it was ready, they are jeopardising the integrity of the information of its users. (meaning the users will be unaware that the tax information they submitted is wrong). Being honest about it in a disclaimer will not stop this damage from happening.
2. The program was shipped to the public with the impression of it being a functional, helpful software. It is like shipping medicine to the market that is still work in progress, placing a disclaimer that this medicine may make you more sick, and shifting the blame of the damages by pointing to the disclaimer.

BERK What is the industry standard of software versioning? My understanding is v1.0 means it is ready to go (no bug), if it is work in progress still it must not be a major number on the left, like 0.9. If I'm right, you can argue that the president's claims are mistaken.

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BODY 2 - What are the ethical issues here? (ACS)

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BODY 2 - What are the ethical issues here? (ACS)

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ACS Code 1,2,4,6

At least they were honest, but it caused a lot of issues for all of its users.

1. Clear violation to Primacy of Public Interest - by doing this, the company is putting their own interests first (to want to capture the largest market share if they ship first).
2. The software caused harm towards its users - they paid money to purchase the tax software to lodge their amount only to be fined by the ATO for filing the wrong amount.
3. Honesty goes beyond just telling the truth - honest business practices involves doing things that are good for other people, that doesn't harm them. A disclaimer only serves to protect the company from legal liabilities.
4. The competency of the company is questionable. Version 1.0 in IT practices usually means a lean, functioning software. The company could have shipped a chunk of the software that is 100% functioning, with subsequent additions and patches to be added in the future after they are tested to work 100%.
5. They gave the company and the IT industry bad name.

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ICT professionalism

Privacy

Security

Cyber-crime

Intellectual property

Regulation on the internet

Social inclusion

Community and identity

Pervasive and convergent computing.

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1. The Primacy of Public Interest
2. The Enhancement of Quality of Life
3. Honesty
4. Competence
5. Professional Development
6. Professionalism

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You are a computer programmer working for a small business that provides specialized financial services to local, mostly small businesses.
You have been working for company X for about six months.
Recently X has been occupied with re-engineering the inventory system of a local hardware chain, ABC Hardware.
The objective is to enable ABC to keep better track of their inventory, to be more responsive to changes in customer demand, and to adopt a “just in time” strategy to reduce inventory.
Your supervisor calls you into his office. “Do you know of any existing software products to help ABC keep better track of its inventory?”
You mention a particular product that you have worked with in another job and point out that ABC could use it without any modification.
The only drawback, you point out, is that this software is somewhat expensive.
Your supervisor leans back in his chair, puffs on his cigar and says, “That’s no problem.
We have that software.
Why don’t you just install it on ABC’s computers?”
You diplomatically indicate that this would violate the licensing agreement X has with the developers of the software.
“Do it anyway,” your supervisor says. “Nobody’s going to find out, and ABC is a very important client. We need to do all we can to keep them happy.” William J. Frey (2010)

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Company X has just signed a business agreement with Company Y, which entitles both of them to access each other clients’ records.
Mr. Faisal, a software programmer at Company Z, was assigned the task of developing a software program that handles the access and retrieval of records from each Company’s database system into the other.
A first run of the software on real data indicated that the work was well within the state of the art, and no difficulties were found or anticipated. Several weeks later and during a normal test on the software developed, Faisal discovered a serious ‘security hole’ in the database system of Company Y by which hackers can easily obtain confidential information about clients.
He was convinced that while the software he developed could correctly accomplish the task, the code in Company Y’s database system could not be trusted as the security hole posed a threat even on Company X’s database system.
Faisal told his manager about the problem and explained its significance.
The manager's response was, "That's not our problem; let's just be sure that our software functions properly."
Faisal is not sure what to do. Refusing to work on the project means disobeying his manager’s orders.
Continuing to work on the project, means disobeying one of God’s commands, this requires him to be truthful and sincere in his dealings. Australian Computer Society (2014)

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Jean, a statistical database programmer, is trying to write a large statistical program needed by her company.
Programmers in this company are encouraged to write about their work and to publish their algorithms in professional journals.
After months of tedious programming, Jean has found herself stuck on several parts of the program.
Her manager, not recognising the complexity of the problem, wants the job completed within the next few days.
Not knowing how to solve the problems, Jean remembers that a coworker had given her source listings from his current work and from an early version of a commercial software package developed at another company.
On studying these programs, she sees two areas of code which could be directly incorporated into her own program.
She uses segments of code from both her co-worker and the commercial software but does not tell anyone or mention it in the documentation.
She completes the project and turns it in a day ahead of time. Australian Computer Society (2014)

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Joe is working on a project for his computer science course.
The instructor has allotted a fixed amount of computer time for this project.
Joe has run out of time, but has not yet finished the project.
The instructor cannot be reached. Last year Joe worked as a student programmer for the campus computer centre and is quite familiar with procedures to increase time allocations to accounts.
Using what he learned last year, he is able to access the master account.
Then he gives himself additional time and finishes his project.

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Over the years a number of systems have been developed which record coded information across a range of factors about disabilities in ethnic communities.
A new coding convention has been developed to rationalise the inconsistent coding conventions of these legacy systems.
The new coding convention uses codes which had different meanings in the legacy systems.
This means that time series analysis gives inconsistent results, particularly showing both under and over reporting of numbers of particular disability categories.
This is significant when making policies for people based on the size of the communities.
To fix this would take a lot of work and expense, and management has decreed that historical systems will not be fixed, but new systems will all adopt the new coding convention.

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A software development company has just produced a new software package that incorporates the new tax laws and figures taxes for both individuals and small businesses.
The president of the company knows that the program has a number of bugs.
He also believes the first firm to put this kind of software on the market is likely to capture the largest market share. The company widely advertises the program. When the company actually ships a CD, it includes a disclaimer of responsibility for errors resulting from the use of the program.
The company expects it will receive a number of complaints, queries, and suggestions for modification.
The company plans to use these to make changes and eventually issue updated, improved, and debugged versions.
The president argues that this is general industry policy and that anyone who buys version 1.0 of a program knows this and will take proper precautions. Because of bugs, a number of users filed incorrect tax returns and were penalised by the ATO.

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This session we have restricted the essay topics to the following three (3). One of these will appear in the exam. We encourage you to prepare all three.

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P.S. I think this one may come out in exam - it is the different one among the 3 questions, also more difficult!

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P.S. I think this one may come out in exam - it is the different one among the 3 questions, also more difficult!