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Fossils are formed in a number of different ways, but most are formed when a plant or animal dies in a watery environment and is buried in mud and silt. Soft tissues quickly decompose leaving the hard bones or shells behind. Over time sediment builds over the top and hardens into rock.

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Absolute dating is the process of determining an age on a specified chronology in archaeology and geology. Some scientists prefer the terms chronometric or calendar dating, as use of the word "absolute" implies an unwarranted certainty of accuracy.

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Paleontology
Field of study
Paleontology or palaeontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch.

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Holocene
Geologic time period
Image result for Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch. It began after the Pleistocene, approximately 11,700 years before present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period

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Epochs, Periods, Eras, Eons - smallest to greatest time frame. - Google Search

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From largest to smallest, this hierarchy includes eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages. ... The time before the Phanerozoic is usually referred to as the Precambrian and is usually divided into the three eons shown. The Phanerozoic is subdivided into three major divisions: the Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic Eras.

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In physics and systems theory, the superposition principle, also known as superposition property, states that, for all linear systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that would have been caused by each stimulus individually.

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Replica casts are created by molding and then casting an original fossil so all of the detail is preserved, but the original is safely stored in a museum or other responsible collection. ... Sometimes replicas are made by reconstructing partial casts or by paleo-artists who sculpt fossils based on scientific references.

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Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quicker than intrusive igneous rocks. They are formed by the cooling of molten magma on the earth's surface. The magma, which is brought to the surface through fissures or volcanic eruptions, solidifies at a faster rate.

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Sedimentary rock
Type of rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Wikipedia

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Metamorphic rock
Rock type
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical or chemical change.

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Trace fossil
A trace fossil, also ichnofossil, is a geological record of biological activity. Trace fossils may consist of impressions made on the substrate by an organism: for example, burrows, borings, urolites, footprints and feeding marks, and root cavities

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Petrified fossils form when minerals replace all or part of an organism. Water is full of dissolved minerals. It seeps through the layers of sediment to reach the dead organism. When the water evaporates, only the hardened minerals are left behind.

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The Cenozoic Era is the current geological era, covering the period from 66 million years ago to the present day. The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals, because of the large mammals that dominate it

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The Paleozoic Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, lasting from 541 to 251.902 million years ago, and is subdivided into six

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law of superposition. noun. Geology. a basic law of geochronology, stating that in any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom, each layer being younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it.

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Rock that has formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice ( glaciers ), and wind. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in layers, and frequently contain fossils. Note : Limestone and shale are common sedimentary rocks.

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Amber is sticky, like honey or glue. The insects land on tree sap either intentionally or by accident, and can't exert enough force to remove themselves from it. The tree sap continues to flow and coats the insect. The sap hardens into amber, preserving the now dead insect forever.

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By dating the rocks in the ever-changing crust, as well as neighbors such as the moon and visiting meteorites, scientists have calculated that Earth is 4.54 billion years old, with an error range of 50 million years.

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Scientists who study fossils are called paleontologists. ... Rocks formed during the Phanerozoic Eon may have fossils of complex animals and plants such as dinosaurs, mammals, and trees. We study Earth's history by studying the record of past events that is preserved in the rocks.

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Relative dating is used to arrange geological events, and the rocks they leave behind, in a sequence. The method of reading the order is called stratigraphy (layers of rock are called strata). Relative dating does not provide actual numerical dates for the rocks.May 18, 2011

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Some examples of impressions are the trace fossils such as footprints, traces, remains of tunnels left by burrowing organisms, fossilized excrement's, and the holes made in shells by parasites. Impressions usually occur in fine-grained sediment such as clay or silt.

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footprints and trackways fossils - Google Search

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How footprint fossils are formed?
When dinosaurs walked through the mud they left footprints, just like you do on a muddy trail. Over time these footprints were filled with sand or small pebbles and eventually hardened into rock. The footprints were preserved for millions of years until erosion brought them to the surface where people can see them.

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Organisms buried in sediment may decay or dissolve away leaving a cavity or mold. If the space is subsequently filled with sediment, an external cast can be made. Molds and casts are three dimensional and preserve the surface contours of the organism.

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In physics and systems theory, the superposition principle, also known as superposition property, states that, for all linear systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that would have been caused by each stimulus individually.

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Uniformitarianism is defined in the authoritative Glossary of Geology as "the fundamental principle or doctrine that geologic processes and natural laws now operating to modify the Earth's crust have acted in the same regular manner and with essentially the same intensity throughout geologic time, and that past ...