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-  torch battery

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- Car battery

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Light waves are different from sound waves. Sound waves exist as longitudinal waves – the vibrations of the air particles are in the same direction as the direction of travel of the wave. In light waves, the vibrations are at right angles to the direction of travel of the wave.

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Energy of moving/vibrating particles, heat; the kinetic energy of particles that increases as their temperature increases

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We only see a small amount of this light energy. All these di erent types of light
have common features. ey all travel at the same speed, the speed of light, but they have
an obvious difference. They have different wavelengths and therefore different frequencies.

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comparing between series circult              and parallel circult

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comparing between series circult              and parallel circult

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In some experiments, light behaved as if it were a wave. Other experiments indicated that light was a particle. Scientists now agree that light consists of a particle called a photon, which can move in a wavelike fashion.

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R stands for resistance
V stands for voltage
I stands for current

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Compression waves can be either close together or far apart.
When the waves travel close together they are considered as frequent

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Convection currents - the current or flow of air or liquid that result from the transfer of thermal energy through convection

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Convection currents - the current or flow of air or liquid that result from the transfer of thermal energy through convection

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Sound energy can travel a long distance away from the source

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Sound energy can travel a long distance away from the source

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- cannot travel in space (no medium)
- travels faster in water
- travels faster in solids
- travels faster at higher temperatures

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use for find the result of the voltage, current and resistance
V = IR

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Can be used to:
- map ocean floor
- check the depth of water
- locate schools of fish

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Material that slow down the transfer of thermal energy.
E.g. polystyrene foam, wool

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v = lambda x f
f = v/lambda
lambda = v/f

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Any material that allows thermal energy to flow easily through it.
E.g.  metal, silver

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v = lambda x f
- v is wavespeed (m/s)
- lambda is the wavelength (m)
- f is frequency (Hz)

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Hot water heating in a pot. The pot is heated through conduction and the water is heated through convection

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Hot water heating in a pot. The pot is heated through conduction and the water is heated through convection

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Light waves can travel through other mediums too such as air, water and glass, where they slow down slightly. Unlike sound waves, light waves don’t need a medium (solid,

liquid or gas) in which to travel, due to their electromagnetic nature.

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Heating a a saucepan of water on a gas flame. Energy transfers by conduction from thehot saucepan to the water molecules thatare touching the metal.

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Heating a a saucepan of water on a gas flame. Energy transfers by conduction from thehot saucepan to the water molecules thatare touching the metal.

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Particle, electromagnetic, transverse, speed

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Lighting a candle. The flame produces radiation which heats the air around it

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Lighting a candle. The flame produces radiation which heats the air around it

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amplitude is measured in amperes (amps - A

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frequency is measured in hertz (Hz)

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-closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit

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The transfer of thermal energy across empty space or through another substance 

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The transfer of thermal energy across empty space or through another substance 

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-is a closed circuit in which the current follows one path

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The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of molecules in air or liquid form from one place to another 

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The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of molecules in air or liquid form from one place to another 

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The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact

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The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact

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- the distance the air particles move is called amplitude.
- frequency is the number of waves that pass a point per second.

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- compressions are  particles close together
- rarefactions are particles far apart

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- sound travels in longitudinal waves
- longitudinal waves move particles in the travel of the wave.

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- electricity can be either positive and negative
- electrons is carry negative charge
- protons is carry positive charge

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- caused by the vibration of particles
- longitudinal wave
- can only travel through mediums (substances)