# data[].attributes.body
there's no one area where they all live as said in that ethnographic thing but there may still be a + % crime in some places coz of +/- ratios

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How many female officers are there to deal w women coming in?

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How many female officers are there to deal w women coming in?

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use to argue that waiting until police to train and inform is nec, but pos too late

# data[].attributes.subject
use to argue that waiting until police to train and inform is nec, but pos too late

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sexism & rape is of course its own sep. problem

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"Women and girls from lower castes have lower literacy levels and are more likely to be prevented from pursuing education. Many perform dangerous and unprotected work, including manual scavenging, and receive lower salaries. "
-are there retention rates for SC in schools?

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rural Dalit women holding seats in the local panchayat (town assembly) have been forced to stay at home and be represented by their husbands at meetings. Those who have attempted to speak in the panchayat have been subjected to backlash, and even violence, against members of their caste"

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"Women from caste-affected communities, particularly in rural areas, are often excluded from political processes and relegated to secondary or subordinate roles in decision-making"

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refusal by police officers to register criminal complaints or delays in filing complaints, lack of proper investigation into complaints of violence and ill-treatment, and insensitivity by law enforcement officials

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"practices labelled as “religious dedication” of girls to temple deities, including the Devadasi system, constitutes a de facto form of forced prostitution and sexual slavery, mainly targeting Dalit girls"

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" Some caste-affected countries, including India and Nepal, have constitutional and legal requirements to reserve seats for disadvantaged caste groups in legislative bodies. "
-How many?  ~ 1/3
-Are they dalits or just shudras? ~ SC/ST

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" Attempts to alter the social order by questioning and actively defying caste rules may result in harassment, threats, physical attacks and even murder ...Often, claiming human rights is considered as “forbidden”, and deserving of punishment...and refusal to perform traditional occupations, may trigger not only economic retaliation by those most threatened by changes in the status quo, but also unleash violence"
-In India too though, there are members of parliament, ect
-how many still in trad occupations?

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(scheduled castes/tribes)
reported crimes: "an increase of 19.0% in 2014 over 2013"

>1,27,341 trials in 2014
5,102 convictions
12,610 acquitted
28.8% conviction rate
85.3% pendency rate

> 75.57 cases disposed of by police
>70.7% arrested given charge sheets by police, 97.3% of which were men
>3.08% arrested convicted by courts
6.86% acquitted

how does this compare to other types of crime?
what are the report rates though?

(http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2014/chapters/Chapter%207.pdf)

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"positive discrimination in favour of SCs and STs to the field of criminal law in as much as they prescribe penalties that are more stringent than the corresponding offences under Indian penal code (IPC) and other laws"

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a.15 &
"The major legal enactments at the national level are:
(i) The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
("abolish untouchability and its practice in any form")
(ii) The Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
(stopping upper on lower caste crimes)
(http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2014/chapters/Chapter%207.pdf)

-look up these laws and effectiveness

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Custodial Rape & The Police Custodial rape viz. rape under custody
of police, of hospital, judicial custody etc

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Custodial Rape & The Police Custodial rape viz. rape under custody
of police, of hospital, judicial custody etc

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("Custodial rape viz. rape under custody of police, of hospital, judicial custody etc")
197/ 36,735 (0.536%) total rape cases in the country reported as custodial rapes during the year 2014 = "negligible"
"Uttar Pradesh (189 cases consisting of 5 cases of Gang rape and 184 cases of other custodial rapes" - UP has most by FAR
(diff to last: http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2014/chapters/Chapter%205.pdf)
-why? More reports there, why? Are the police in UP better w women reporting, better trained? The police there can't this much worse than in the rest of the country surly.
-again, what is the report:conviction ratio?
-is it really so negligible as most won't report it?

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Nat. Crime Records Bureau, India, 2014 (a)

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Nat. Crime Records Bureau, India, 2014 (a)

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"Tamil Nadu accounted for 41% (18 out of 44 cases) and Bihar accounted for 32.4% (22 out of 68 cases) of murders due to caste related issues and class conflict respectively"
"28.0% (54 out of 193 cases) of murders were during committing rape"
" Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh together accounted for 54.5% (3 cases each out of 11 cases) of murders after gang rape"
(http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2014/chapters/Chapter%203.pdf )(p61)
-are the stats caste murders in other areas similar or ar TN and Bihar worse than others?
-How many of these murders/rapes are of Dalits?
-is there any anonymous crime reporting available, do Dalits have access to it & actually use it?
-How are police trained to deal with victims?
-How many Dalits/women are in the police force? Lawyers? Judges?
-what the report vs conviction rate? How lenient are the sentences for higher and lower caste victims and perpetrators?

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"In South Asia, violence against Dalits is reported to be widespread and driven by the effects of the caste system and the lack of justice for victims"
" official data are scarce"
" National Crime Records Bureau in India reveal that reported crimes against individuals from scheduled castes increased 19 per cent in 2014 from the previous year " (p13)
suggests more reports or more crime?
annoying how they're "atrosities" and not actual definitions

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"The Special Rapporteur regrets the scarcity of relevant information outside the South Asian context and stresses the need for further research." (p12)

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add: endogamy, untouchability, stigma/dehumanisation

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"can be found within diverse religious and/or ethnic groups in all geographical regions " (p6)

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purity v pollution thing w caste

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Report isnt spec on india, "primarily associated with the South Asian region  where its existence is linked to the religiously sanctioned social structure of Hinduism, which identified four original and endogamous groups, or castes, called varnas." (p6) many, many similarities between them: discrimination, dehumanisation, inheritance and violation of rights
" deprived of or severely restricted from enjoying their most basic civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. " (p5)

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Castes weren't included as minorities in 2015 - are they now?

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Castes weren't included as minorities in 2015 - are they now?

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India didn't want people talking about it

"The senior Indian diplomat pointed out that when Izsák-Ndiaye’s ‘mandate’ was extended on March 2015, caste was not covered as per the categories of minorities.
As per operational paragraph 11 (a), the special rapporteur’s mandate [PDF] was to promote the human rights of persons belonging to “national, or ethnic, religious minorities” – which could not be used to extend her report to caste groups, argued India." - Ajit Kumar, Indian UN representative

(http://thewire.in/25909/stung-by-un-report-on-caste-discrimination-india-hits-back/)

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UN SR on minority issues Rita Izsák-Ndiaye (Special Rapporteurs are independent experts appointed by the UNHRC to examine specific themes or countries, based on a mandate delineated by the council)
https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/013/73/PDF/G1601373.pdf?OpenElement

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"polluting" professions. Pure upper castes could not interact or touch

Locals not allowed in the Aryan caste system initially, and still weren't because of their occupations even when some locals were integrated based on profession

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It's not as bad as it was, similar to racism here. There are Dalits and lower caste people in university, working in government, etc, but still showing discrimination

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"broken, ground-down, downtrodden, or oppressed"
http://www.ncdhr.org.in/dalits-untouchability/

They were previously called untouchables