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Pollution and Beauty Industry

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Cosmetic Ingredients as Emerging Pollutants ofEnvironmental and Health Concern. A Mini-Review

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Cosmetic Ingredients as Emerging Pollutants ofEnvironmental and Health Concern. A Mini-Review

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Cosmetic Ingredients as Emerging Pollutants of Environmental and Health Concern. A Mini-Review

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More than ever before, consumers aren't interested in your product - they're interested in your process.

As public interest in sustainability continues to climb, many cosmetic manufacturers are seeking more natural and environmentally-friendly emulsifiers and ingredients for their products. The benefits of "green" beauty products extend beyond trends - increasing studies show the toxicity of conventional cosmetics, and the natural cosmetics market continues to grow rapidly and consistently.

Manufacturing companies interested in venturing into the green market must know the details behind the sustainability movement, including the benefits of going green and the potential of the market.

What Are Green Cosmetics?

In modern marketing, the word "green" has become synonymous with "organic" or "healthy." When a consumer sees the phrase "green cosmetics," they will automatically make eco-friendly assumptions about the product or company.

But the field of green skincare and cosmetics still needs clarification. Typically, the term is used to describe products using environmentally-friendly formulations, production practices or packaging methods. In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has published guidelines to clarify what green or natural means in marketing terms, though these guidelines are still loosely defined.

With respect to the cosmetics industry, "green" and "sustainable" cosmetics are defined as cosmetic products using natural ingredients produced from renewable raw materials. Many companies use petrochemical ingredients derived from petrol, a non-renewable and economically volatile resource. Bio-based oleochemicals, on the other hand, derive from renewable plant and bacteria sources and are the crux of the green cosmetics movement.

How Are Sustainable Cosmetics Made?

Cosmetics developers worldwide are doggedly pursuing these oleochemicals, along with any potential sources for them. Some examples of common sources include:

Natural Oils: Palm and coconut oils are often used to derive fatty alcohols, which are used as chemical surfactants. Other oils include argan oil and avocado oil. Glycerine, a derivative of palm oil, is a common byproduct.

Agricultural Plants: Soybeans, corn and other agricultural plants are used throughout the cosmetic industry to produce oils and alcohols. Green cosmetic emulsifiers, surfactants and biocatalysts are derived using these plants, which can be cheaply and sustainably sourced.

Bacteria: One example of a renewable resource currently under development is the Deinococcus bacteria, a bacterium studied by Deinove in France for its chemical production properties. Deinove has used the bacterium to create aromatic ingredients and pigments for the cosmetic industry, representing a potential market value in the hundreds of millions of dollars.

Manufacturers split these raw materials into oleochemicals at a processing plant. The fats or oils are divided by hydrolysis, which uses water, or alcoholysis, which uses alcohol.

What Are Some Ingredients That Are Not Eco-Friendly?

By using natural, oleochemical sources, sustainable personal care products and cosmetics avoid many of the toxic elements found in popular brands. These chemicals damage environmental and human health, and consumers should never read them on a "green" label.

BHA and BHT: BHA and BHT are synthetic antioxidants used as preservatives, and they are most common in lipsticks and moisturizing creams. The European Commission has released evidence that BHA and BHT disrupt the endocrine system.

Coal tar dyes: On labels, coal tar dyes are listed as p-phenylenediamine or colors titled "CI" and followed by a five-digit number. These dyes are mixtures of petrochemicals, and they have been linked to cancer in humans.

Formaldehyde-releasing preservatives: These preservatives are present in a wide range of cosmetics, as well as in cleaning products such as toilet bowl cleaners. As their name suggests, formaldehyde-releasing preservatives continuously release small amounts of formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen.

Aluminum: Commonly used in antiperspirants, aluminum enters the body through the underarm tissue and blocks sweat ducts. However, it has also been linked to breast cancer, Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis.

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP): Often found in nail products, DBP is a solvent for dyes. Considered toxic to human reproduction, it enhances the ability of other chemicals to cause genetic mutations. While Canada has banned DBP from all children's toys, no action has yet been taken against its presence in cosmetics.

Examples of Sustainable Skincare and Cosmetics

Many manufacturers have found success using oleochemical-based products, and beyond creating high-quality and effective products, they have gained a loyal customer following. Here are some of the most well-known, sustainable, green cosmetic brands and their products:

Native: Native produces deodorants with organic, natural ingredients. Native has built their brand around "simple, nontoxic ingredients you can understand." Their oleochemical-derived ingredients include shea butter, coconut oil and castor bean oil.

Burt's Bees: From simple beeswax candles to a lip-product empire, Burt's Bees has become an international leader in sustainability. The company creates cosmetics and personal care products, and in addition to natural, organic ingredients, it has a "no-waste" manufacturing policy. They rely on botanical oils, herbs and beeswax to come up with their world-recognized products.

RMS Beauty: RMS Beauty provides a wide range of cosmetics, from foundation to mascara. Dedicated to using organic ingredients, RMS creates non-toxic makeup products that heal and protect the skin. They use low-heat processing to ensure their ingredients remain as natural as possible.

Blissoma: Focusing on skincare, Blissoma offers a large selection of green skincare products organized by skin type and need. Their preservative-free cosmetics include natural ingredients like fruit enzymes, Vitamin C and organic herbs and grains.

Drunk Elephant: Committed to using clean, natural ingredients, Drunk Elephant manufactures a range of sustainable skin care products. They have a devoted consumer following and strive to create products that are both clinically-effective and naturally-sourced.

It's possible for any company to incorporate green materials in their cosmetics. If you want to branch into the world of sustainable, oleochemical-derived products, begin with some of these safe and effective ingredients.

Fatty Acids: Fatty acids like coconut fatty acid, stearic acid and oleic acid are green ingredients used as lubricants, adhesives and release agents, as well as emulsifiers and base stock. You can incorporate naturally derived fatty acids into a wide range of cosmetic products, including soaps, ceramic powders, lotions and creams.

Castor Oil: Made by pressing the seeds of the castor plant, castor oil is a beneficial ingredient that has a range of anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. When used in hair cosmetics, materials like Jamaican Black Castor Oil both remove impurities and clarify the scalp, resulting in more effective and more eco-friendly product.

MCT Coconut Oil: Extracted from the kernel of mature coconuts, MCT Coconut oil is a highly specialized and versatile carrier oil. Light, smooth and easily absorbed into the skin, MCT oil is especially useful in skincare products. Because it doesn't leave an oily residue, MCT oil is ideal for products marketed as oil-free or for sensitive skin types.

DMDM Hydantoin: A powerful antimicrobial agent, DMDM Hydantoin is a halogen-free preservative. This eco-friendly ingredient can be added to both rinse-off and leave-on products, including eye and skin creams, shampoo and conditioner, sunscreen, liquid soap and make-up remover.

Phenoxyethanol: Inhibiting both bacteria and mold growth, phenoxyethanol is an effective preservative used in a wide range of green cosmetics, from lotions and creams to make-up and gels. Phenoxyethanol serves a variety of roles within cosmetics, including solvent, fixative and topical anesthetic functions.

Committed to sustainable manufacturing, Acme-Hardesty offers each of these green ingredients for manufacturers in the cosmetics industry.

Why Buy Natural and Sustainable Cosmetics?

For the consumer, the attractions of sustainable cosmetics outweigh extra costs or research. Three major draws of green cosmetics include environmental responsibility, increased effectiveness, and long-term health.

1. Environmental Responsibility

Modern consumers have a growing global consciousness, and they care about social and environmental responsibility. One of the main benefits of sustainable products is their kinder environmental impact.

Every week, new stories surface about dangerous carbon outputs or vast plastic floats in the ocean. Many petrochemicals in conventional cosmetics are toxic pollutants and degrade the environment as well as our bodies. As we become more ecologically aware, consumers demand natural, low-polluting products.

A recent example of pollution and consumer demand is the ban of microbeads. Microbeads are tiny pieces of plastic found in many shower scrubs and exfoliating products. However, they do not dissolve, and in 2015, a study reported that over eight trillion microbeads were being washed into our waterways every day. Later that year, U.S. President Barack Obama signed a bill banning the small plastics, illustrating that environmental stewardship is an increasing priority to the nation and its consumers.

2. Increased Effectiveness

Natural and oleochemical ingredients are less likely to cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. Without synthetic, toxic chemicals or artificial colors, sustainable products rely on the healing properties found naturally in plants and animals - the ingredients humans have been using for centuries.

Consider glycerine, a natural derivative of palm oil. The clear, non-toxic liquid is used in soaps, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Since it is a humectant, glycerine can retain water, making it an excellent moisturizer. Glycerine enhances the body's hygroscopic characteristics, encouraging the skin to absorb and hold on to water. As a non-irritating substance, it can be applied anywhere on the body. It is an effective anti-aging ingredient and, due to its anti-microbial properties, can also serve as an acne treatment.

An oleochemical that has all the power of synthetic chemicals without any of the toxicity, glycerine is a perfect example of the natural effectiveness of sustainable cosmetics.

3. Long-Term Health

While petrochemicals may deliver short-term results, the long-term effects can be highly toxic to humans and the environment. Years of synthetic cosmetics use has been traced to headaches, eye damage, acne, hormonal imbalance and premature aging. Phthalates have even been linked to cancer and type II diabetes.

By choosing sustainable cosmetics, a consumer forgoes the stress and uncertainty of toxic, synthetic products and invests in their long-term health and beauty.

The Impact of Producing Eco-Friendly Beauty Products

Creating environmentally-friendly products doesn't mean sacrificing quality or profits. With the public eye increasingly focusing on corporate ethics, small steps toward sustainability can significantly improve public opinion and boost sales.

1. Improved Product Quality

High-quality cosmetics provide effective results without putting the consumer at risk. However, many petrochemical products, like mineral oil, present a low level of toxicity to users. When aerosolized and inhaled, such products have been shown to be allergens and, as some studies suggest, may cause cancer.

With most bio-based products, the toxicity to the end-user is reduced, creating safer, higher-quality products.

2. Enhances Brand Reputation

Green products send a message to consumers - this company is committed to quality, safety and sustainability, and is worthy of your trust.

As more and more people grow concerned about synthetic products, consumers are looking for companies that practice transparency and honesty. By moving towards sustainable, green products, you show your global and social awareness. This promotes customer loyalty to a brand, not just to products. People will begin - and continue - to purchase a company's products because they agree with its mission.

3. Increases Corporate Responsibility

Green cosmetics also present a unique opportunity for cosmetics manufacturers to focus on corporate responsibility. In addition to the positive impacts green marketing can have on a company's image, taking the extra steps of sustainable sourcing or packaging can also make a significant impact.

When a company increases its sustainability initiatives, it takes ownership for its impact on global health and economies. By taking corporate responsibility for its manufacturing, a business gains authority and respect among consumers as well as suppliers and other members of the distribution chain.

The Future of Sustainable Cosmetics

Manufacturers shifting to sustainable cosmetics production have a promising future.

The growing interest in sustainable cosmetics has had a significant effect on the cosmetics market. With an increasing number of consumers and retailers demanding cosmetics with natural or sustainable ingredients, the green cosmetics market has experienced a 15 percent annual growth rate.

This growth rate far outpaces that global personal care and cosmetics industry, which is currently sustaining an overall 5 percent annual growth rate. By 2025, the organic beauty market will reach $25.11 billion.

Within the personal care industry, the oleochemicals market is increasing as cosmetic manufacturers continue to turn away from petrochemicals. Fatty acids, in particular, should experience boosts on the green side of the market, considering that they accounted for 57 percent of the total oleochemical product demand in 2013.

The Asia-Pacific region is an area of particular interest for this market since the region accounted for 41.9 percent of the total oleochemicals market in 2013 for its abundance of raw materials and large consumer base. Both figures are unsurprising considering the quantities of bulk cosmetic glycerine regularly exported from the region.

Start Going Green With Acme-Hardesty Today

As petrochemicals continue to experience volatility in the market, turning to sustainable material sources may be the best long-term decision for cosmetics manufacturers worldwide.

Consumers are increasingly demanding sustainable products that are not toxic to themselves or the environment. The natural market is growing exponentially, and choosing raw, natural materials will cement your brand as a safe choice - both environmentally and economically.

For more than 70 years, Acme-Hardesty has been leading innovation in oleochemicals, palm derivatives, preservatives, surfactants and castor oils and derivatives. As one of the largest distributors of these products, we work with manufacturers in multiple industries, expanding into bio-based and renewable solutions to give customers more options.

Contact us today to learn more about or purchase sustainable cosmetic raw materials.

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The Push for Sustainable Beauty | Benefits of Green Cosmetics

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Explore the rise of green cosmetics and sustainable benefits. Learn about eco-friendly ingredients & brands revolutionizing the beauty industry. Read more!

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Plastic microbeads from cosmetic products

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Plastic microbeads from cosmetic products

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The Environmental impact of Cosmetics Production

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The Environmental impact of Cosmetics Production

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Summary

·         Cosmetics had been found to be used since 10,000 BC

·         Worldwide, the cosmetics and personal care products industry has more than '(-# billion in annual retail sales.

·         Cosmetics industry has an ugly problem, most make up is contaminated by toxic chemicals that harm health. Products used by men, women, and children everyday are unsafe. Its either lead in lipsticks or mercury in skin cream”, - Janet Nudelman, Director of Program and Policy, Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP) in Campaign for Safe Cosmetics.

·         Companies used the word ‘natural’ a lot I the product to deceive customers. FDA stated that even plants that are originally grown have substances that might be toxic or allergenic. Also, natural ingredients happened to be hard to preserve and the irresponsible companies might use synthetic products instead.

·         According to the National Geographic 700,000 tonnes of pollutants are released into the air daily, partly from home products, partly from cosmetics and hair dyes.

·         The European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS) listed 100,000 chemical substances, and 75,000 in USA of which 10,000 were used by big cosmetic companies.

·         Animal torture: 115 million animals such as rabbits, mice, rats, and guinea pigs are experimented on and killed in laboratories in the U.S alone every year. The experiments done on animal includes forced chemical and drugs exposure, physical restraint, genetic manipulation and other cruel thing that you can imagine.

·         Cosmetics Regulation in EU: banned carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic cosmetics. In progress to ban animal testing.

·         Cosmetics Regulation in Canada: prohibited usage of formaldehyde, triclosan, selenium in cosmetics.

·         Cosmetics Regulation in US: manufacturer is legally obliged to provide a list of ingredients. Misbranding and adultering is prohibited.

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The Environmental impact of Cosmetics Production

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worldwide the cosmetics industry is regulated by the government in almost every country however, in some regions, governments have opted for less stringent regulations on the industry and has instead relied on the industry to self-regulate, this is

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The beauty industry's solution to plastic waste

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The beauty industry's solution to plastic waste

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The beauty industry's solution to plastic waste

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Chinese cosmetics factory The process of eye shadow production turned out to be like this

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Chinese cosmetics factory The process of eye shadow production turned out to be like this

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Chinese cosmetics factory The process of eye shadow production turned out to be like this

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A bit statistic on the Chicago polution of siloxanes. Siloxanes contribute to the ozone layer too. Common in personal day care including in lotions

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Though of putting this in to show how toxic Titanium is. There are soo many reaction occur from immunic to cancerous. It shoul give an inside before the next article which is on the Titanium effect on snails

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The effect of Titanium towards aquatic snail

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The effect of Titanium towards aquatic snail

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Freshwater Gastropod death due to Titanium Dioxide

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A Malaysia news on petition for cruelty free cosmetic

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A Malaysia news on petition for cruelty free cosmetic

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A campaign by The Body Shop hopes to end animal testing in cosmetics once and for all, writes Meera Murugesan

LOOKING good shouldn't involve cruelty. So the next time you apply your favourite shade of lipstick, open a jar of moisturiser or flip open your compact powder, think about whether your beauty routine is contributing to pain and suffering for animals.

Animals have been used in cosmetics testing for over 50 years and 80 per cent of countries around the world still have no laws against animal testing in cosmetic products and ingredients.

The Body Shop, a beauty brand known for its cruelty-free approach has been campaigning with the non-profit organisation Cruelty Free International against animal testing since the 1980s.The brand has since launched a campaign to call for a global ban on animal testing in cosmetic products and ingredients by 2020.

By partnering with Cruelty Free International, The Body Shop will take the campaign to the United Nations and request for an international convention to ban cosmetics testing on animals.

KEEPING IT CLEAN
The Body Shop has always been a brand that has been against animal testing in cosmetics and this campaign is another stage in its efforts to get the practice banned says Jessie Macneil-Brown, senior manager international campaigns and corporate responsibility for The Body Shop.

"The Body Shop passionately believes that no animal should be harmed in the name of cosmetics and that animal testing is outdated, cruel and unnecessary," says Macneil-Brown.

She explains that the trend in cosmetics now is about being vegan, vegetarian and cruelty-free and The Body

Shop as a brand has proven for over 40 years that one can deliver high quality, amazing products without testing on animals.

Many consumers today want a cruelty-free approach to cosmetics but they may be unaware that animal testing in cosmetics is still an ongoing issue today, or just how barbaric the practice can be.

"It's not just cruel but so needless and that's something we want to get across as well. There are alternatives to animal testing for use in the industry today which are faster and give more effective results so there's absolutely no need to use animals."

Scientific alternatives to animal testing use cutting-edge technology that is more relevant to humans, including sophisticated computer models and reconstituted human skin donated by volunteers.

These alternatives are quicker, cheaper and more effective, yet over 500,000 animals are used in cosmetics testing every year.

Cruelty Free International CEO Michelle Thew says people are confused about animal testing. The world over, people want this cruel practice to end yet existing laws are a patchwork of different rules with some very big gaps.

While the issue has gained some momentum since the 2013 European Union ban on the sale of animal-tested ingredients and products, there is still much to be done.

"Most countries do not require testing data to be made available to the public or even to regulators so it's extremely difficult to know how widespread animal testing is. What we do know is that even a single test may involve hundreds of animals," says Thew.

SHROUDED IN SECRECY
In fact just one new ingredient in a cosmetic product could result in the deaths of at least 1,400 animals. The difficulty with this issue is that very often testing is hidden, it's not obvious to the public until you alert them to the problem and a lot of people think the issue has been dealt with already, adds Thew.

Many companies may also make claims about being cruelty-free when, in fact they are not, because they know it's an issue consumers care about.

To ensure that cosmetics are free from animal testing, consumers should look out for the "leaping bunny" logo on the products they purchase. This symbol means the company has opened up its processes for audit to show that there's no animal testing throughout its supply chain.

"That's why we encourage people to check for the symbol because when you seeit, you know that the company can prove its claims of being cruelty-free," says Thew.

*Pictures courtesy of The Body Shop

Calling for an international ban
THE Body Shop and Cruelty Free International new campaign is calling for an international ban on animal testing in cosmetics, both products and ingredients, everywhere and forever.

It is the most ambitious campaign ever against animal testing and aims to get eight million people to sign a petition calling on the UN to introduce an international convention to end the practice once and for all.

The petition can be signed online at any of The Body Shop's 3,000 stores across the world. Consumers are encouraged to use the campaign hashtag, #ForeverAgainstAnimal Testing on social media to raise awareness of the issue.

Animal exposed to test substances
AFTER World War II, animals came into widespread use for testing the safety of consumer products such as cosmetics. The animals most commonly used to test for product safety are mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters.

Animal are exposed to test substances by application to the eyes or patches of bare skin, by injection, by inhalation or by force-feeding.

To assess toxicity for example, rabbits or rats are forced to eat or inhale a cosmetics ingredient or have it rubbed onto their shaved skin every day for 28 or 90 days and are then killed.

To assess skin sensitisation, a cosmetics ingredient is rubbed onto the shaved skin of guinea pigs and the ears of mice to see if they have an allergic reaction. Many of these animals are then killed.

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A campaign by The Body Shop hopes to end animal testing in cosmetics once and for all, writes Meera Murugesan LOOKING good shouldn't involve cruelty. So the next time you apply your favourite shade of lipstick, open a jar of moisturiser or flip open your compact powder, think about whether your beauty routine is contributing to pain and suffering for animals.

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Ex of law with ban law on animal cruelty (Canada)

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Ex of law with ban law on animal cruelty (Canada)

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Though of putting this up. The Canada law for banning animal cruelty for pharmaceutical purpose.

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US still continue to do animal testing for cosmetic but may soon end with this law

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US still continue to do animal testing for cosmetic but may soon end with this law

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There was effort to stop the cruelty, which is

Humane Cosmetics Act of 2019 .

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Introduction of bill to stop animal cruelty in US

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Introduction of bill to stop animal cruelty in US

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Congress introduce introduce the Humane Cosmetics Act

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A grasp idea on what i search on. Since there are very good info in the article for microbead, I just summaries the others.

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This statistic shows the annual growth rate of the global cosmetics market from 2004 to 2022. In 2022, the global cosmetics market grew by an estimated six percent compared to the previous sales year.
Global Cosmetics Market
Since the early twentieth century, the production of cosmetics has been controlled by a handful of multi-national corporations. The global cosmetics industry is broken down into six main categories; skin care being the largest one out of them all, accounting for 41 percent of the global market in 2022.

In recent years, consumers have been spending higher levels of disposable income on cosmetics than they had in the past. Unfortunately, the global financial crisis has put a damper on the market and during those years, more affordably priced merchandise and do it yourself at home products were key in the beauty market. However, in recent years as Generation Y and Generation Z have really entered the job market, they have become a big driver of the cosmetics market; especially in the United States. The United States is one of the biggest cosmetic markets in the world, with an estimated total revenue of about 48.26 billion U.S. dollars as of 2021.

In the coming years, global cosmetic companies will continue to focus their efforts on product innovation, as well as brand values and responsibilities, in order to attract new consumers and keep existing consumers loyal to specific brands.

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Annual growth rate of the cosmetics market worldwide 2022 | Statista

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This statistic shows the annual growth rate of the global cosmetics market from 2004 to 2022. In 2022, the global cosmetics market grew by an estimated six percent compared to the previous sales year. Global Cosmetics Market Since the early twentieth century, the production of cosmetics has been controlled by a handful of multi-national corporations.

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Learn more about how Statista can support your business.

Statista. (October 9, 2019). Market share of the prestige beauty industry worldwide in 2019, by country [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved March 03, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/861992/growth-of-prestige-beauty-global-by-country/

Statista. "Market share of the prestige beauty industry worldwide in 2019, by country." Chart. October 9, 2019. Statista. Accessed March 03, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/861992/growth-of-prestige-beauty-global-by-country/

Statista. (2019). Market share of the prestige beauty industry worldwide in 2019, by country. Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: March 03, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/861992/growth-of-prestige-beauty-global-by-country/

Statista. "Market Share of The Prestige Beauty Industry Worldwide in 2019, by Country." Statista, Statista Inc., 9 Oct 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/861992/growth-of-prestige-beauty-global-by-country/

Statista, Market share of the prestige beauty industry worldwide in 2019, by country Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/861992/growth-of-prestige-beauty-global-by-country/ (last visited March 03, 2020)

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Prestige beauty: market share worldwide by country 2019 | Statista

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Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Statista. (October 9, 2019). Market share of the prestige beauty industry worldwide in 2019, by country [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved March 03, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/861992/growth-of-prestige-beauty-global-by-country/ Statista. "Market share of the prestige beauty industry worldwide in 2019, by country." Chart. October 9, 2019.

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This is one of the alternative for the usage of microbeads which is the cellulose microbeads. There's even jojoba beads before but this is the latest one which can still remain stable in body wash but can be broken down in short period of time.

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Microbeads are little spheres of plastic less than 0.5 mm in size that are added to personal care and cleaning products including cosmetics, sunscreens and fillers to give them a smooth texture. However they are too small to be removed by sewage filtration systems and so end up in rivers and oceans, where they are ingested by birds, fish and other marine life.

It is estimated that a single shower can result in 100,000 plastic particles entering the ocean, contributing to the eight million tonnes of plastic that enters the ocean every year. It is feared that the particles could enter the food chain, harming wildlife but also potentially ending up in our food.

As a result of recent campaigning by environmental groups, the UK Government has pledged to ban plastic microbeads in 2017.

Now a research team, from the University's Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies (CSCT), has developed a way of producing a biodegradable renewable alternative to plastic microbeads in a scalable, continuous manufacturing process.

The beads are made from cellulose, which is the material that forms the tough fibres found in wood and plants. In this process our scientists dissolve the cellulose to reform it into tiny beads by forming droplets that are then "set". These microbeads are robust enough to remain stable in a bodywash, but can be broken down by organisms at the sewage treatment works, or even in the environment in a short period of time.

The researchers anticipate they could use cellulose from a range of "waste" sources, including from the paper making industry as a renewable source of raw material.

They have published their results in the journal ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering.

Dr Janet Scott, Reader in the Department of Chemistry and part of the CSCT, said: "Microbeads used in the cosmetics industry are often made of polyethylene or polypropylene, which are cheap and easy to make. However these polymers are derived from oil and they take hundreds of years to break down in the environment.

"We've developed a way of making microbeads from cellulose, which is not only from a renewable source, but also biodegrades into harmless sugars.

"We hope in the future these could be used as a direct replacement for plastic microbeads."

Davide Mattia, Professor of Chemical Engineering and part of the CSCT, said: "Our goal was to develop a continuous process that could be scaled for manufacturing. We achieved this by working together from the start, integrating process design and chemistry optimisation, showing the strength of the multi-disciplinary approach we have in the CSCT."

The beads are made using a solution of cellulose which is forced through tiny holes in a tubular membrane, creating spherical droplets of the solution which are washed away from the membrane using vegetable oil. The beads are then collected, set and separated from the oil before use.

The physical properties of the beads can be tweaked by changing the structure of the cellulose, for example making the beads harder. A team, led by Dr Scott and including Professor Davide Mattia (Chemical Engineering) and Professor Karen Edler (Chemistry) has also just been awarded funding of just over £1 million by the Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council to develop porous beads, capsules and microsponges.

They will work with industrial partners, to develop materials that could be used in cosmetics and personal care products, or impregnated with agrichemicals for use in, for example, slow release fertilisers.

Watch an interview with Dr Scott and James Coombs OBrien: Cellulose biodegradable microbeads could cut microplastics ocean pollution from University of Bath on Vimeo.

If you liked this, you might enjoy:
Scientists make plastic from Christmas trees Creating a clean energy buzz to inspire the next generation of scientists Terpenes as chemical feedstocks Orange is the new black gold: how peel could replace crude oil in plastics

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Scientists make biodegradable microbeads from cellulose

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Microbeads are little spheres of plastic less than 0.5 mm in size that are added to personal care and cleaning products including cosmetics, sunscreens and fillers to give them a smooth texture. However they are too small to be removed by sewage filtration systems and so end up in rivers and oceans, where they are ingested by birds, fish and other marine life.

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Sarah & AD
Solution on Beauty Industry

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Solutions on beauty industry and environment problem

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Yg ni kita ambil sikit yg choy punya review article information

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The map for places which have ban animal cruelty for cosmetic

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The map for places which have ban animal cruelty for cosmetic

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Unfortunately, Malaysia has not ban animal used for cosmetic use yet.