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Unlike most farm animals, dogs do not have a specific flight zone. Each dog has a different reaction towards stimuli they are not familiar with. Some dogs need lots of room and will run if a person or animals get within many feet to them while others embrace both humans and other animals. A trained dog will also have a smaller flight zone than a stray dog. A dogs flight zone is very situational dependent.

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Perdue's website has videos touring the facility and outlines their 4 primary goals for animal welfare. There are links to their farmers websites and other partners. The most impressive part is the easy access to their poultry care incident report. Each infraction is shown and their response to the incident is also posted.

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Regarding COVID-19: Click here for more information.

At Perdue Farms, your health and well-being are our top concerns. In the past few days, we've experienced heavier than normal call volume as customers reach out with concerns about sourcing of our products and quality control measures we've put in place to guarantee the freshness and safety of the foods we ship. We want you to know that we hear you, we thank you for reaching out and we want to reassure you in every way possible that we're putting your health, safety and well-being first.

In light of concerns over Coronavirus (COVID-19), we'd like to share the following:

COVID-19 is Not Considered a Food-Borne Pathogen

Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), COVID-19 is most commonly spread between those who are in close contact with each other, and through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It may also be possible for a person to contract COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching his or her own mouth, nose or possibly eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads. We have strict biosecurity protocols throughout our farms and entire supply chain, including proven sanitation methods which minimize the risk of contaminated surfaces.

Perdue Farms Takes Food Safety Protocols Seriously

We have the highest standards of biosecurity and food safety, and fully sanitize our facilities every 24 hours. We are closely monitoring affected areas and reiterating our biosecurity policy to help minimize the potential to transport possibly contaminated surfaces. The staff at the onsite Wellness Centers at 19 of our facilities are trained on how to protect our associates from, and identify and respond to, symptoms of COVID-19. These professionals follow standard operating procedures as defined by the CDC for infectious diseases. The Wellness Centers are available to all associates and their families. We are taking every precaution to protect our associates, communities, customers and business partners, and ensure the continuity of our business.

All of our animals are born/hatched, raised, harvested and processed in the U.S. As with most large businesses, we source some (non-food) elements of our supply chain from countries outside the U.S. We are closely monitoring affected areas and reiterating our biosecurity policy to help minimize the potential to transport possibly contaminated surfaces.

Thank you for being a loyal Perdue Farms customer. Please reach out to our Consumer Relations team, should you have any additional questions or concerns.

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Regarding COVID-19: Click here for more information. At Perdue Farms, your health and well-being are our top concerns. In the past few days, we've experienced heavier than normal call volume as customers reach out with concerns about sourcing of our products and quality control measures we've put in place to guarantee the freshness and safety of the foods we ship.

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Dr. Dunbar is a veterinarian and animal behaviorist with a degree in physiology and biochemistry from the Royal Veterinary College. He spent 10 years at UC Berkley researching olfactory communication, the development of hierarchical social behavior, and aggression in domestic dogs. He has written numerous books on dog behavior and gives lectures around the world.

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1. Ears flatten against head
2. Teeth are bared
3. Attempts to flee

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A normal ingestive behavior for dogs is eating grass. Although canines aren't able to break down cellulose, a small amount of grass is not problematic for them. This behavior stems from their ancestors, wolves, who were exposed to grass and other plants in the stomachs of the large ungulates they consumed.

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Dogs are partially color blind, which makes teaching colors difficult for dogs. Any training involving colors cannot be used with dogs, as they would not be able to efficiently learn using this strategy (Weymouth, Monica). https://www.petmd.com/dog/general-health/what-colors-do-dogs-see

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Most people love dogs. These popular pets are used for so many reasons and chosen for their loyalty and love. Dogs can improve your mood in seconds and seem to always know what their owner needs. Their behavior is unique and special, something I wanted to study more of. I hope to someday be a vet and work with dogs, so i thought learning more about their behavior would be beneficial. Through this padlet I hope to gain more insight as to why dogs behave in certain ways and why they do certain things. There are so many kinds of dogs, but all have common behaviors that I wish to study more of.

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Smell may be the most important sense for a dog. Dogs often smell each other and can determine from pheromones emitted the gender, mood, and health of another dog. Dogs lick humans to show submission and to show they are no threat to their owners. It is a sign of affection from the dog to its owner.
https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/how-dogs-use-smell-to-perceive-the-world

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Dogs communicate to both humans and other dogs visually that they are ready to play and engage. Their tail will wag in a sweeping motion, ears will be held in a natural position, and their mouth will have no tension around the lips (Dr. Wailani Sung).  Dogs bark and growl as warning sounds. These sounds warn others to stay away or that an attack is imminent. (https://www.acsedu.com/info/pets/animal-care-and-handling/dog-communication.aspx)

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Perhaps the most well known example of classical conditioning involves researcher Ivan Pavlov and his dogs. This study helped to pioneer the definition for classical conditioning.

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Introduction

Learning is the process by which new knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, and ideas are acquired. Learning can occur through both unconscious and conscious pathways. Classical conditioning is one of those unconscious learning methods and is the most straightforward way in which humans can learn. Classical conditioning is the process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli. Although Edwin Twitmyer published findings pertaining to classical conditioning one year earlier, the best-known and most thorough work on classical conditioning is accredited to Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist born in the mid-1800s. Pavlov had such a great impact on the study of classical conditioning that it is often referred to as Pavlovian conditioning.[1][2][3]

Pavlov's Experiment

Classical conditioning was stumbled upon by accident. Pavlov was conducting research on the digestion of dogs when he noticed that the dogs' physical reactions to food subtly changed over time. At first, the dogs would only salivate when the food was placed in front of them. However, later they salivated slightly before their food arrived. Pavlov realized that they were salivating at the noises that were consistently present before the food arrived; for example, the sound of a food cart is approaching.

To test his theory, Pavlov set up an experiment in which he rang a bell shortly before presenting food to the dogs. At first, the dogs elicited no response to the bells. However, eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.

To understand classical conditioning, it is essential to be familiar with the following terms. A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that at first elicits no response. Pavlov introduced the ringing of the bell as a neutral stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response. In Pavlov's experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus. The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment. A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response. In the described experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell, and the conditioned response was salivation.

It is important to note that the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. Furthermore, it is important to realize that the unconditioned response and the conditioned response are the same except for which stimulus they are elicited by. In this case, salivation was the response, but the unconditioned response was triggered by food, whereas the conditioned response was triggered by the bell which indicated the coming of food.

Function

Pavlov recorded several phenomena associated with classical conditioning. He found that the rate of acquisition, the initial stages of learning, depended on the noticeability of the stimulus and the time in between the introduction of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, this would translate to the time in between the bell ringing and the presentation of food. Second, Pavlov observed that the conditioned response was vulnerable to extinction. If the conditioned stimulus is continuously supplied in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, then the conditioned response becomes weaker and weaker until it disappears. In Pavlov's experiment, this would translate to Pavlov ringing the bell without giving food to the dogs. Eventually, the dogs would stop salivating at the sound of the bell. However, spontaneous recovery was also observed. Even if a substantial amount of time had passed, the conditioned response would easily recover if the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus were paired again. Lastly, he found that stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination can occur. Stimulus generalization occurs when the dog can respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. For example, if Pavlov's dogs salivated at the sound of another ringing sound such as a cell phone ringing, that would be stimulus generalization. Stimulus discrimination, on the other hand, is being able to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the correct stimuli.[4][5][6][7]

Issues of Concern

People can use classical conditioning to exploit others for their gain. A prominent example of this occurs in advertising. The advertiser generally attempts to get consumers to associate their product with a particular response or feeling so they are more likely to buy the product. Advertisers can use music or mouth-watering food in their ads to create an association with their product. These types of associations can lead to increased spending as well as poor eating habits especially if the product is unhealthy food.

Clinical Significance

Most psychologists now agree that classical conditioning is a basic form of learning. Furthermore, it is well-known that Pavlovian principles can influence human health, emotion, motivation, and therapy of psychological disorders. There are many clinically related uses of classical conditioning. For example, former drug users often have a craving when they are in a drug-related environment or around people that they associate with previous highs. Drug counselors often advise these people to stay away from settings that could trigger a desire to take drugs again. Also, it has been proven that classical conditioning can even affect the human immune system. When a particular taste accompanies a drug that influences an immune response, sometimes the taste itself can induce the immune response at a later time. Another example can be found in the overcoming of phobias. One patient, who had feared getting into an elevator for 30 years, forced herself to enter 20 elevators a day. After 10 days, her fear had almost completely vanished.

O.H Mowrer discovered that certain behaviors can be reconditioned when he successfully developed a therapy for bed-wetters. In his therapy, the child would sleep on a liquid-sensitive pad connected to an alarm. Once moisture was detected, the alarm would go off. After repetition, bladder relaxation became associated with waking up and 75% of the time, frequent bed-wetters were healed and longer wet the bed while they slept.

Another example of an effective therapy that is used to cure phobias is counterconditioning, which pairs the trigger stimulus with a response that is contrary to fear. Two counterconditioning techniques that have been proven to be effective are exposure therapy and aversive therapy. In general, exposure therapies are therapies that expose people to what scares them. Two types of exposure therapies are systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy. In systematic desensitization, a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. This therapy is common in the treatment of phobias. Virtual reality exposure follows the same concept as general exposure therapy but uses virtual reality to do instead of real-life situations. Aversive conditioning has the goal of substituting a negative response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus. This is essentially the reverse of systematic desensitization in which a positive response is replaced with a negative response to a harmless stimulus. One common example of aversive conditioning is mixing alcohol with an extremely bitter taste or lacing fingernails with something that causes severe nausea. The problem with this therapy is that patients can differentiate between situations inside and outside of the psychiatrist's office. An alcoholic understands that if he drinks alcohol, it will normally not have that bitter taste. For this reason, a combination of conditioning therapies is the best approach to treat certain issues.[8][9]

Other Issues

A combination of both behavior modification therapy with medications can lead to better clinical outcomes than if either option is used alone. Some studies show enhanced outcomes when certain drugs are used in the psychological treatment of anxiety disorders and even post-traumatic stress disorders. Despite the clinical efficacy of these studies, it should be noted that each individual can have a different treatment plan that is optimal to only them. Some people might respond better to only therapy or medications rather than a combination of both. Furthermore, combination treatments can be more of a "mix and match" treatment where two patients can have similar amounts of treatment success but use different medications and therapy options.[10][11][12]

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Classical conditioning concepts are integrated into the design of health-related interventions (i.e. modeling, reinforcement, expectancies, and cues to action). Cohesiveness and consistency of the patient/ interprofessional team implementing these types of interventions are important factors for success. The interprofessional healthcare team consists of diagnosticians, medication experts, prescribers, and other members who tend to the everyday needs of the patient. Cohesiveness and communication become especially important for the extinguishing of addictive behaviors such as drug use, smoking, or drinking alcohol. Since relapse is always a possibility, proper protocols should be in place to help re-extinguish the behavior if necessary. However, these protocols mainly depend on the patient's honesty and willingness to seek out help. Additionally, the interprofessional team can increase conditioning success by involving the patient's friends and family. They not only provide emotional support for the patient but can also provide updates to the interprofessional team when needed.[13][14]

References

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Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health and Behavior: Research, Practice, and Policy. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. National Academies Press (US); Washington (DC): 2001. [ PubMed: 20669491 ]

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Disclosure: Ibraheem Rehman declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Navid Mahabadi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Terrence Sanvictores declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Chaudhry Rehman declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

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Learning is the process by which new knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, and ideas are acquired. Learning can occur through both unconscious and conscious pathways. Classical conditioning is one of those unconscious learning methods and is the most straightforward way in which humans can learn.

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1. Rooting triggered by a mothers grooming to move towards a teat
2. Suckling when a teat is located
3. Treading the front paws on a teat to stimulate milk secretion

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1. Bitches will eat the placenta after birthing pups
2. Grooming and cleaning the pups to stimulate urination and defecation
3. Lying down on side to allow puppies to nurse

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A female dog will stand immobile as a male dog mounts her if she is receptive to being mated.

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How Do Dogs Mate Dogs Making Love Dog Breeding Dog Humping Cat Shocked Cat Dogs Having Puppies Dog Breeding Up Close Dog with Cat Sticking Together Big Dog Does Woman Videos Dogs Large Matting Dogs Stuck Together Dogs Stuck in a Pig Great Dane Dogs Breeding Dogs Breeding Pigs Dog and Cat Breeding Together Cat and Dog Stuck Together Chicken and Dog Stuck Together

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Males often sniff potential female partners prior to mounting to ensure the female is in estrus.

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Dogs were the first domesticated animal

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These heritabilities show qualities and traits desired in the German Shepherd Dog, commonly used in police and military settings. Self-defense and courage are important behaviors in these kinds of dogs, and breeding for these qualities could produce highly sought after animals. The government would be willing to pay more for these high quality bred dogs.

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Socialization to other dogs and humans, particularly children, should take place around 6-8 weeks as this is the critical sensitive period for socialization.
https://www.dogsmith.com/a-short-summary-of-a-dogs-sensitive-periods-of-development-and-the-importance-on-its-socialization/

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This article explores new research on how genetics influence canine behavior. New studies show low heritability on certain traits, which may be attributed to leaning behaviors in adult dogs. These researchers discuss the implications that genetics may have on future canines.