# data[].attributes.body
https://quizlet.com/214556044/changing-spaces-making-places-case-study-lympstone-and-toxteth-flash-cards/

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv5-q_9fpro

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"The process through which our world is becoming increasingly interconnected through flows of people, money, technology and culture."

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"Globalisation has made the world a better place"

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"Globalisation has made the world a better place"

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https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jan/18/globalisation-world-trade-asia-global-poverty

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http://www.brownpoliticalreview.org/2013/03/the-kurds-a-stateless-nation/

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xg8ALNVkNnE

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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stanley-weiss/its-time-for-an-independe_b_2077126.html

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“The unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across a population.”

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http://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/08/standard-of-living-quality-of-life.asp

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http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Mc-Gillivray-1991.pdf

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https://www.rt.com/uk/359203-inequality-richest-oxfam-brexit/

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In a city of over 10 million people the wealthiest 10% control 30% of wealth and the poorest 10% just 3.4%. Just over a ¼ of residents live in slums.

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Planned community with $86,500 average income and 70% lower crime rate than US average

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Produced by Hodder

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Produced by Hodder

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http://www.hammerson.com/media/insights/the-changing-face-of-birmingham/

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"How to kill a city"

http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2013/05/birmingham

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http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21565961-britains-largest-city-outside-london-falling-behind-it-case-study-effects

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https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/oct/01/cities.regeneration.birmingham

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http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/09/13/birmingham-to-invest-900m-in-hs2-regeneration/

# data[].attributes.headline
 Doreen Massey  - A Global Sense of Place 

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 Doreen Massey  - A Global Sense of Place 

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Thinking geographically - the difference between space and place...

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How can past connections shape place identity in Liverpool - National level Case study.

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How can past connections shape place identity in Liverpool - National level Case study.

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Read through the paper to find information that informs about shifting flows of people, resources, investment and ideas. This is a university level paper - use resilience and stick with it - its not too bad!!

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https://geographyalevelslc.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/161-global-shift.pdf

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"Developing economies moving up in global manufacturing"

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"Developing economies moving up in global manufacturing"

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https://www.tutor2u.net/geography/reference/global-shift-the-shifting-flows-of-resources-money-and-investment

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https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/nov/20/welsh-valleys-regeneration-failure-local-control

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKXMdTci-Zs

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http://cor.europa.eu/en/events/europcom/Documents/Belloso.pdf

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A stark contrast

https://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A1440/datastream/OBJ/view

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UK's 2021 census 'could be the last'

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The 2021 census could be the last one ever to be carried out, the UK's national statistician has revealed.

Prof Sir Ian Diamond said he was examining cheaper alternatives to the 10-yearly compulsory questionnaire delivered to every UK household.

The census, which has been conducted for almost 200 years, provides valuable population information to help councils and the government plan services.

But Sir Ian said he was "hopeful" data from other sources could replace it.

"The census is frankly as good as it is possible to get," he said.

"Let's see if we can get to a similar place, more quickly, using different strategies."

Although the roots of census-taking in Britain can be traced back to the Domesday Book in 1086, it was not until 1801 that an official census was conducted, when the population of England, Scotland and Wales was recorded to be nine million.

However, statisticians regard the 1841 census, when each head of the household was required to fill in a form on behalf of everyone living at the address on a particular day, as the first modern census.

The method has stood the test of time - with more questions about the characteristics of each household member added over the years - but costs have ballooned.

The Office for National Statistics, which has responsibility for the census in England and Wales, said an estimated £906m would be spent next time - nearly double the figure for 2011.

The censuses for Scotland and Northern Ireland, which are conducted at the same time, are administered separately.

'Better and more granular'

Sir Ian acknowledged that costs had been rising, though he pointed out that a drive to get most people to complete next year's census online would allow resources to be targeted at those who were less likely to respond.

The former University of Aberdeen vice-chancellor said his officials would undertake research, alongside the census, to find out if accurate information could be obtained via other means, such as the Ordnance Survey, GP lists, council tax records and driving license details.

He said such "administrative data" - combined with regular, large-scale population surveys - could provide "better and more granular" information in a "cheaper" and "more timely" way, though he said no decisions had been taken.

"We'd only move away from [the census] if we can replicate that richness of data," he said, adding that the government would have the final say after the census results and research had been evaluated, in 2023.

In a 2018 white paper, the government said its "ambition" was that "other sources of data" would be used after 2021, though it did not explicitly say that the census itself should be scrapped.

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The 2021 census could be the last one ever to be carried out, the UK's national statistician has revealed. Prof Sir Ian Diamond said he was examining cheaper alternatives to the 10-yearly compulsory questionnaire delivered to every UK household. The census, which has been conducted for almost 200 years, provides valuable population information to help councils and the government plan services.

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The economic benefits of Lord of the Rings/The Hobbit on New Zealand

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The economic benefits of Lord of the Rings/The Hobbit on New Zealand

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https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2012/12/14/the-impact-economic-and-otherwise-of-lord-of-the-ringsthe-hobbit-on-new-zealand/#121e6c5a31b6

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Game of Thrones brings estimated £150m to Northern Ireland

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Game of Thrones brings estimated £150m to Northern Ireland

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-36749938

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Produced by a different school

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Life expectancy among women living in the poorest communities in England has declined since 2011, says a report warning of growing health inequalities.

Overall, life expectancy growth has stalled over the past decade - for the first time in 100 years.

The largest decreases were seen in the most deprived areas of north-east England, while the biggest increases were in the richest parts of London.

Health Secretary Matt Hancock said there was "still much more to do".

The report, by Prof Sir Michael Marmot, one of the country's leading experts on health inequalities, comes 10 years after he first published data on the growing gap between rich and poor, and between north and south, in England.

"England has lost a decade," Prof Marmot said, calling the damage to the nation's health "shocking".

"If health has stopped improving, that means society has stopped improving."

His follow-up report, after a decade of austerity, finds the picture has got worse.

stalling life expectancy for men and women in England since 2010

the more deprived the area, the shorter the life expectancy

among women in the poorest 10% of areas, life expectancy fell between 2010-12 and 2016-18

people in poorer areas spend more of their lives in ill health than those in affluent areas

the amount of time people spend in poor health has gone up across England since 2010

cuts in funding in deprived areas and areas outside London were larger and affected those areas more

The report, from the Institute of Health Equity, maintains the widening health inequalities and deteriorating health which have marked the last decade cannot just be put down to very cold winters, flu, or problems with the NHS or social care.

Instead, it points the finger at "social and economic conditions, many of which have shown increased inequalities".

Prof Marmot said similar trends can be seen right across the UK, where the slow-down in life expectancy is more obvious than in most European and other high-income countries, apart from the US.

The government must tackle health inequalities "as a matter of urgency" and bring the level of deprived areas in the north up to the level of good health enjoyed by people living in London and the south, the report says.

Labour's shadow health secretary Jonathan Ashworth described the report as a "devastating verdict on 10 years of austerity under the Conservatives" and called for "urgent action" by the prime minister.

In a statement, Mr Hancock said: "There is still much more to do, and our bold prevention agenda, record £33.9bn a year investment in the NHS, and world-leading plans to improve children's health will help ensure every person can lead a long and healthy life."

'It's helped me mentally'

In some cities, like Coventry, projects have been set up to help bring about change, such as a support group for BAME mums and a centre helping people trying to find work by offering advice on CVs and application forms.

For people like Wayne Martin, a cafe providing a decent meal and a chance for families to sit down together, has been a lifeline in tough times.

The Real Junk Food Cafe is somewhere to meet others facing similar challenges.

"It's helped me mentally, I mean, because I suffer from depression," he said.

"One of the reasons I first started coming here was because I didn't want to talk to other people - being on my own with three children was kind of hard.

"So coming here was opening me up a little bit and actually getting me to mix with the people and talk to them."

Wayne says he started gained a sense of community and is now volunteering at the cafe.

The report says some local authorities and communities have been good at tackling health inequalities, and the government now needs to build on these successful examples.

Its other recommendations include:

developing a national strategy for reducing inequalities in health, led by the prime minister

early intervention in children's lives to reduce child poverty

reduce low-paid and insecure work

ensure a healthy standard of living for all

invest more in deprived and 'ignored' areas

"The evidence is clear and the solutions are there - what is needed is the will to act," said the chief executive of the Health Foundation, Dr Jennifer Dixon.

She said child poverty, Sure Start Children's centres and in-work poverty, were areas that needed immediate investment.

Shirley Cramer CBE, chief executive of the Royal Society for Public Health, said: "If the new government wants to show it can walk the talk on 'levelling up' for the regions and groups that have been left behind, it must begin by paying more than mere lip service to the reality of the deep and entrenched health inequalities across the UK."

More on this story

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Poorest women's life expectancy declines, finds report

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Life expectancy among women living in the poorest communities in England has declined since 2011, says a report warning of growing health inequalities. Overall, life expectancy growth has stalled over the past decade - for the first time in 100 years.

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Inequality will remain entrenched in the UK "from birth to work" unless the government takes urgent action, the Social Mobility Commission has warned.

Its State of the Nation report said the situation had remained "virtually stagnant" since 2014.

It is calling on ministers to provide additional funding for older teenagers in education and to extend free childcare to more low income families.

The government said it would take the recommendations seriously.

The findings will come as a setback to Theresa May who promised to tackle the "burning injustice" of social inequality when she entered Downing Street in 2016.

However, the following year, all of the commissioners on the Social Mobility Commission - set up in 2010 to monitor and promote social mobility - resigned, saying the government was too focused on Brexit to deal with creating a fairer Britain.

'A catch 22'

Law graduate Paris McKenzie, 25, wants to be a solicitor but said there are not enough training contracts in her home city of Nottingham.

"I have barely come across any, and I constantly search for them. There are lots in London," she said.

But the single mother said she did not "have the means" to move to the capital, where she said she would not have support and would struggle to pick up her son from nursery herself.

"It's a catch 22, my opportunities are very limited," she added.

Dame Martina Milburn, who has since been appointed as the new chairwoman, said she sensed there was now "a real commitment" from the government.

However, she said the biggest concern was not stagnation, but that the problem might actually get worse.

"There's still a big shift - if you want to be socially mobile - towards London," she told BBC Radio Four's Today programme.

"I think you're three times more likely to move to London if you're from a professional background than if you're from a working class background."

Education Secretary Damian Hinds said he welcomed the "thorough" report - the first since the new commissioners were appointed - but stopped short of saying the government would adopt all of its recommendations.

The report recommends:

a "significant increase" in funding for all 16 to 19-year-olds in education, with a special "student premium" for the disadvantaged

extending the offer of 30 hours of free childcare a week to cover households where one parent is working eight hours a week - currently one parent must work at least 16 hours

the government agreeing to pay the voluntary living wage to all of its employees and contracted workers, including cleaners and catering staff

The report found those from better-off backgrounds were almost 80% more likely to be in a professional job than their working class peers.

It said the proportion of people from professional backgrounds who were in professional jobs was 60% last year.

In contrast, only 34% of those from working class backgrounds had professional jobs last year. And both figures had changed only slightly over the past four years.

"Being born privileged means you are likely to remain privileged," said Dame Martina, who is also chief executive of the Prince's Trust.

"But being born disadvantaged means you may have to overcome a series of barriers to ensure you and your children are not stuck in the same trap."

The Social Mobility Commission said an increasing number of students from low-income families were entering university by the age of 19. That proportion has now reached 26%, compared with 43% of better-off peers.

But, five years after graduating, those graduates who had been on free school meals at school were in jobs that earned 11.5% less than other graduates, the report said.

It found barriers to getting a top job were there from the start - about a half (52%) of disadvantaged teenagers leave school without basic qualifications and many get stuck in low-paid work.

Adult education could help to redress that, said the report, but almost all forms of adult education have been in decline since 2010.

There were also longer-term concerns that divisions could worsen as low-paid and low-skilled jobs were more likely to become automated in the future.

Professor Diane Reay, from the University of Cambridge told BBC Radio 4's World at One: "The expansion in the labour market is at the bottom - in the low-paid casualised jobs - rather than in the high-paid, more elite jobs.

"We need to radically change the hierarchical structure of English society, not just the social class of a few individuals."

Paul Gregg, a professor of economic and social policy at the University of Bath, who resigned from the Social Mobility Commission in 2017, told the programme: "It's still the case that Brexit is sucking all the political oxygen in government [from] any kind of social reforms."

The education secretary said employment had risen in every UK region under this government; wages were outstripping inflation; the gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers has narrowed; and the proportion of 16 and 17-year-olds in education or apprenticeships was at its highest ever.

Easier for the better-off to grab opportunities

Career progression and better-paid work is more likely if people move regions - particularly if they go to London, the data shows.

Too often provincial towns and cities don't have the employment infrastructure to ensure career progression, notably in professions like law and accountancy.

Those from wealthier backgrounds are more likely to be able to make that kind of move, with the resources and support to grab opportunities wherever they may be.

Some believe devolving power and prestige to local government and combined authorities is the way to ensure a more even spread of growth and new jobs - and make the country less reliant on London.

In England, the Northern Powerhouse and Midlands Engine are initiatives to achieve just that within the wider industrial strategy.

But there are concerns that not enough resources are available to achieve significant structural change.

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Inequality in UK 'entrenched from birth'

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Inequality will remain entrenched in the UK "from birth to work" unless the government takes urgent action, the Social Mobility Commission has warned. Its State of the Nation report said the situation had remained "virtually stagnant" since 2014. It is calling on ministers to provide additional funding for older teenagers in education and to extend free childcare to more low income families.

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Inequality of household consumption in Indonesia has been increasing since 2000. The country's official poverty rate has halved between 1999 and 2012, falling from 24% to 12%. However, the Gini coefficient, a measure of national consumption inequality, has increased from 0.32 in 1999 to 0.41 in 2012[1]. Hence income distribution has become much more unequal. Theaffluent were the most affected by the Asian financial crisis and slowest to recover, but since 2003, Indonesia's richest 20% have enjoyed much higher growth in incomes and consumption. Regional disparities also persist, further contributing to inequality nationally. Eastern Indonesia lags behind other parts of the country, notably Java.

The relatively low consumption growth of Indonesia's poorest 40%, and resulting inequality, may begin to adversely affect social and political cohesion. Strong economic growth and poverty reduction has not dampened the perception and reality that many Indonesians are not enjoying the fruits of economic development. There is some evidence that inequities in access to social assistance have increased crime and eroded social capital. In addition, growing inequality may be affecting political and social cohesion on a range of recent public policy issues, such as the contentious discussions in recent years over the minimum wage.

Low consumption growth of the poorest 40% may also threaten future economic growth nationally. The inability of Indonesia's poorest 40% of households to exit vulnerability and move into the middle class could weaken economic growth, which is expected to be driven by a growing -and consuming - middle class. Lower consumption growth by the poorest will also lead to underinvestment in human capital and in entrepreneurial activities, further dampening broader economic growth prospects.
World Bank support on inequality reduction in Indonesia
The World Bank continues to work closely with the Government of Indonesia in analyzing the trends and consequences of inequality. The Bank is currently working on a flagship report on inequality, expected to be available in late-2014. The report will highlight new research on equality of outcomes and opportunities, mobility in and out of poverty, the middle class, and fiscal incidence. This research will serve as the foundation of support to be provided to the Government of Indonesia in designing and implementing policies to reduce inequality.

The World Bank also provides policy support based on evidence and success stories on reducing inequality in other countries. World Bank research in Latin American countries shows that a sound macroeconomic base needs to be supplemented with progressive policies, programs, and spending from the government. Providing equal access to vital services such as education and health will give future generations a better chance of climbing out of poverty. Enhancing the productivity of low-income workers through creating more and better jobs will boost incomes and allow the poor to help themselves. Finally, creating a comprehensive safety net will protect the poor from the various economic shocks that can send them plummeting back into poverty.
[1] The Gini takes the range of 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality), and is often expressed in percentage points. Commonly, values of 30 or below are considered low, while 50 and above are considered high. Income Ginis (used in many Latin American countries) are usually 5-7 points higher than Consumption Ginis (used in much of Asia and Africa). Indonesia's Income Gini has historically been 4 points higher than its Consumption Gini.

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Inequality of household consumption in Indonesia has been increasing since 2000. The country's official poverty rate has halved between 1999 and 2012, falling from 24% to 12%. However, the Gini coefficient, a measure of national consumption inequality, has increased from 0.32 in 1999 to 0.41 in 2012[1].

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Birmingham's regeneration starts to pay off

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Birmingham's regeneration starts to pay off

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From the ruins of industrial dereliction, a new district has sprung back to life near the centre of Britain's second city, Birmingham.

Where factory workers once produced Bird's custard and the progenitors of Peaky Blinders - the early 20th century gangsters popularised by the BBC - patrolled the smoggy banks of the canals, a myriad of start-ups from micro-distilleries to independent filmmakers, have taken root. The old industrial wastelands of Digbeth that fringed the city centre have been reborn.

"It's like Brooklyn before Brooklyn got expensive," says Melissa Snover, a New Yorker, who chose to set up her high-tech nutrition company, Nourished, in Digbeth partly because rents are comparatively cheap and partly because there is plenty of tech talent from the city universities.

The demolition of high-rise buildings and highways that once ringed the city has liberated Digbeth and allowed it to gradually reintegrate with Birmingham's centre as part of a much larger multibillion pound regeneration programme of public and private investment.

This has seen the city, and the wider West Midlands region it is part of, become one of the brighter spots in the UK economy. It is now growing faster than any other city region outside London, with output up by 35 per cent over the past five years.

The region is also becoming a flagship for devolved government that led two years ago to the election of six metro mayors, including Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool.

"Before you would have come to Birmingham, got out at New Street station and thought 'no thanks' and gone on," said Waheed Nazir, corporate director for economy at the city council, who has been at the heart of regeneration plans since 2012.

What sets the city's recent transformation apart, said Mr Nazir, is the speed with which it has taken place, despite an initially gloomy backdrop. "We were going through one of the worst recessions," said Mr Nazir of the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. "It was a very difficult time, developments stalled. But it was also a great opportunity to set out to do what we wanted."

That involved expanding the central metropolitan area of Birmingham, pursuing status for it as an enterprise zone with tax incentives to encourage investment, and breaking down concrete barriers - including an old brutalist library - that physically blocked various parts of the city from linking up.

Buttressing these developments has been a large influx of foreign capital, investment in local tram and metro line networks, and the prospect that by 2026 the city will be connected to London by the HS2 high speed rail project.

Since 2010-11 the region has received £1.5bn of public sector money, boosted by £3.1bn of private sector investment, according to the city council. In 2018, the West Midlands was the leading region outside London and the south east for foreign direct investment.

The latest data suggest that Birmingham has found a formula to correct the concentration of growth and wealth in the south east that has coloured both politics and economics of the UK for 40 years.

"The thing that tells you the turnround story is that young Londoners are voting with their feet," said Andy Street, the former chief executive of department store John Lewis turned Conservative politician, who was elected as the West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA) mayor in 2017.

In 2018, just over 19,000 people migrated from London to the West Midlands, compared with about 18,272 who moved the other way - a symbolic reversal of a decades-long trend.

The city, held back from "overheating" by Westminster in the 1960s, had been through vertiginous decline, culminating in the closure in 2005 of what was Britain's largest car plant at Longbridge at the cost of 6,000 jobs. "By 2007 we had the highest population of people with no qualifications and the smallest with good qualifications," said Mr Street.

"I won't spin the yarn that everything was terrible and I improved it," he said, adding that things were already picking up several years before he became the mayor. But he believes his executive role has helped to spread the benefits of Birmingham's revival to cities such as Wolverhampton and Coventry, under WMCA control, and encouraged joined-up thinking in tackling everything from housing shortages to the decline of high streets.

Wage levels are rising faster than any other region in the UK and about 300,000 jobs have been created in seven years.

That is not to say there are not still big challenges. As recently as 2016 the Resolution Foundation, a think-tank, said in a report that the West Midlands remained near the bottom of the city region league table in terms of productivity. Areas of real deprivation remain cut off from the labour market and struggling with insufficient social housing.

And while unemployment across the area is falling, among 20 to 24-year-olds it rose from 16 per cent to 20 per cent between 2017 and 2018, according to the Office for National Statistics.

Nonetheless, the sense of a city on the up has been underscored not only by the flourishing start-up culture in Digbeth, but also the large scale investment by big financial services companies in the city centre. HSBC moved its UK headquarters to Birmingham last year along with 1,000 jobs.

The city centre has also seen PwC invest in a new regional headquarters as part of expansion plans and to take advantage of the professional talent emerging from higher education. "I look at the city centre and it is unrecognisable from 30 years ago," said Matt Hammond, regional chair of PwC.

A no-deal Brexit could knock the city back again, warned Mr Street, given how exposed the economy is to goods exports, which contribute a quarter of regional gross domestic product.

He believes deepening the devolution process will be vital to maintaining progress in the aftermath of Brexit. "Better decisions are made if they are taken locally. It empowers people and makes them feel that they have influence over people governing them," he said.

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Birmingham's regeneration plans start to pay dividends

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From the ruins of industrial dereliction, a new district has sprung back to life near the centre of Britain's second city, Birmingham. Where factory workers once produced Bird's custard and the progenitors of Peaky Blinders - the early 20th century gangsters popularised by the BBC - patrolled the smoggy banks of the canals, a myriad of start-ups from micro-distilleries to independent filmmakers, have taken root.

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How placemaking is tearing apart social housing communities

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How placemaking is tearing apart social housing communities

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oyce (not her real name) was in east London long before the Cereal Killer cafe, moving from East Ham to the Carpenters estate in Newham months before her son was born in 1972. She doesn't describe a life of luxury: "We had young children, we had three bedrooms, [but] it was warm." Nor was the community on the estate devoid of problems, but she made friends among her neighbours and was able to put down roots with the kind of security that is becoming increasingly rare.

She says her flat was in "perfect condition" apart from some ceiling damp, the result of a forgetful neighbour with a quick-running bath. So when she received a letter from Newham council in 2010 advising that the whole estate was going to be decanted for "refurbishment", it came as a surprise.

Her fears were quelled when the council confirmed that once the refurbishment was over, residents who wanted to return would be more than welcome to do so (subject to availability). But seven years on, Joyce has not returned, and more than 400 properties on the estate sit empty. With the glistening Olympic stadium looming over it, the fate of the Carpenters estate represents an all-too-familiar story for social housing tenants across the capital.

Joyce moved to a nearby housing association property in 2011, avoiding the anxiety of having to negotiate a whole new area. Yet when I ask if she would move back into the Carpenters estate, her "yes" is unequivocal. She recently returned to visit her old flat with a member of the Focus E15 housing campaign group, and declared with a big smile that "I felt like I came back home."

Between 2012 and 2017, Newham council rehoused more than 3,000 homeless families outside of the borough. Meanwhile, some London councils are shipping households as far away as Newcastle. So why are so many homes sitting empty when demand is grossly outweighing supply? Joyce doesn't mince her words: "I think it's because of the area and the potential in the area and they just want to make more money."

Newham argue that it consulted the residents repeatedly between 2004 and 2009 but "every option was too expensive to be feasible as the costs outweighed the value of the leaseholders' properties and council-owned flats". Instead it tried to sell the properties to University College London.

UCL was interested but ultimately withdrew from the estate following protests from its staff and students, as well as local residents. Selling to a university doesn't scream of greed like signing it all away to an offshore company. But it would have generated "cultural capital", which is a key component of "placemaking", a vital stepping stone in attracting much more affluent people to an area.

Writer and academic Anna Minton describes how "placemaking" involves creating "'innovation clusters' - ideally featuring a university, commercial space, shops, restaurants and perhaps an art gallery, all alongside luxury apartments". The fizz of culture and luxury are a cocktail that few deep-pocketed developers can resist. But this commitment is almost always to the detriment of social housing tenants, who are shooed out of the way. When the radical Hungarian architect Ernő Goldfinger designed the well-known Balfron Tower in Poplar, nearby in east London, he did so with the tenants in mind. He put all the bedrooms on the eastern side of the building so residents could enjoy the sunrise, while balconies are on the west to take in the sunset.

Yet those enjoying the personal touches of the tower are now doing so at sky-high London rents. Poplar HARCA, the housing association that manages the homes, started " decanting" residents from the property in 2008 saying that they would "possibly but not probably" have a "right of return" once the refurbishment was complete. Not a single one did. This decision to let all the flats at market rates coincided neatly with Poplar HARCA's plans to regenerate the nearby Chrisp Street market to "create a thriving town centre".

Elsewhere in London, Southwark's council's decision to demolish the Elephant and Castle shopping centre and surrounding homes to make way for a new university campus will likely result in a loss of social housing and significantly decreased space for local businesses. In all these cases, the social tenants were treated like cattle, herded elsewhere with minimal consultation about their wishes. What is left unsaid is the apparent attitude that they should just be happy to have a roof over their heads at all.

Yet Joyce talks about the Carpenters estate more like a lost sweetheart then a collection of bricks and mortar. "It's like losing someone. You had made plans with that person, you were going to spend the rest of your life with that person. Then suddenly they change their mind. Obviously, it puts a dent in your everyday."

The new Newham mayor, Rokhsana Fiaz, has changed tack from the previous council regime, promising that the fate of the estate will be decided by local residents and recommending that people whom the council displaced should be allowed back. Let's hope this a genuine promise rather than empty words. "Placemaking" wrenches social housing communities away from their homes because they don't fit in with the developer's dream. It's heart-breaking.

Nye Jones is a freelance writer and housing campaigner. @nyejones92

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How 'placemaking' is tearing apart social housing communities | Nye Jones

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It's gentrification by any other name, helping councils to force out tenants and decimate public housing, says the freelance writer Nye Jones

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Inequality: is it rising, and can we reverse it?

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The UK ranks among the most unequal nations in Europe and many people feel they are not sharing in the country’s wealth

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OCR A Level: Toxteth and Lympstone Case Studies - Quiz

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Free gamified quizzes on every subject that students play in class and at home. Pick an existing quiz or create your own for review, formative assessment, and more.

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Complete one to keep track of your extra reading

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Clarks in Bishop Auckland was once a place where tiny feet were squeezed into their first pair of school shoes. Now, half-packed cardboard boxes are strewn across the deserted shop floor.
"This isn't goodbye," the notice in the window reassures passers-by. You can still buy Clarks shoes online - or drive 20 minutes to Durham.

Clarks is just the latest shop to close its doors in the north-eastern English town. More than one in five properties lie vacant, almost double the national average of 12%. The deteriorating centre - its shop windows smeared with white paint - tells a similar story to many high streets across the country, which have struggled with the rise of online shopping.

Bishop Auckland, with its 25,000 residents, used to be the heart of coal-mining country. The gradual demise of the industry in the latter half of the last century brought with it decades of economic decline.

But the fortunes of the town may be about to change. It has something that others don't: a multimillionaire willing to pour his own money into its revival.

Former stockbroker Jonathan Ruffer's interest in the Bishop Auckland isn't immediately clear - the 68-year-old had no connection to Bishop Auckland until a decade ago. But the avid art collector decided to intervene when the Church of England chose to sell the town's most famous paintings that hung in Auckland Castle.

He bought the set of portraits by the Spanish master Francisco de Zurbaran. Then he bought the castle.

"My original intention was to buy the paintings as a way of saying 'I am on your side' to the community," says Mr Ruffer. "I was on the lookout for some way to engage with somewhere in the North East. I'm not the slightest bit interested in visitor attractions, I'm only interested in regeneration."

After three years of extensive renovations, the 900-year-old castle re-opened to the public last year.

So how much money is the businessman willing to spend? "I'm very shy when it comes to talking about the amount of expenditure," he says. "I'm a drain-pipe - whatever comes in at the top, leaves the bottom," he adds cryptically.

Mr Ruffer grew up in Stokesley, near Middlesbrough, before heading south to study at Cambridge University. He went on to become one of the City's most successful fund managers, co-founding a London-based investment company. There he served wealthy clients and managed billions of pounds' worth of assets. It made him rich, too.

Then Mr Ruffer, who describes himself as "quite Goddy", decided to give most of his fortune away. Philanthropy is a "vomit-inducing word", the devout Christian says, but he can't find another way to describe what he is doing.

Seven years ago, Mr Ruffer started a charity to reinvigorate Bishop Auckland. Out of it has come an art museum documenting life in the coal mines, and from next year, tourists will be able to visit a Spanish art gallery which will house the masterpieces he bought 10 years earlier.

A glass-domed restaurant in the walled gardens of the castle will open, and there is a plan to renovate several derelict hotels. The Auckland Project has also been buying up empty shops, but its proposals for them are still under wraps.

Although Mr Ruffer is vague about the exact amount he's spending, the scale of the project is clear. He hopes the tourist attractions, which are just off the main shopping artery, Newgate Street, will help the "circulation of blood" to the town centre.

But what do the locals make of it?

Inside a small, warm tea room on the main high street, Nicky Caruso says she would rather Bishop Auckland had a Primark than a castle. Ms Caruso, who set up the cafe last year, says only about one in five of her customers are from outside the town. Gazing out onto the quiet street, she says the council "should try and cater for local people more".

Down the road from the cafe, in a shop selling electrical appliances, assistant David Little says the castle is "beautiful", but its custom "doesn't trickle down to day-to-day business". "People go to the castle and go home," he says. "Tourists don't see Bishop - they see a car park."

Mr Little, who has worked in the shop for 24 years, says old-fashioned customer service and a loyal following has helped the business survive, but he has seen a decline over the years. "The footfall just isn't what it used to be," he says. "There's businesses going all the time."

One of the things sucking trade away from the high street is a new out-of-town retail park. In a heavy blow, Marks & Spencer upped sticks and moved to the complex in 2013, despite a petition signed by thousands of locals. By 2017, the big names were stampeding to the exit. Dorothy Perkins and Beales were among 20 chains that shut up shop.
'Too much emphasis' on regenerating cities
The dramatic changes over the last ten years are illustrated by interactive map below, which uses figures on openings and closures collected by the Local Data Company. There are now 61 vacant units - more than half of which have sat empty for more than three years.
Source: Local Data Company, map built using Carto
Local councillor Carl Marshall insists the retail park is not solely to blame for the high street's decay. "Consumer habits have changed," he says. "If they weren't accessing out-of-town retail in Bishop Auckland they would just be travelling into Durham city, just up the road."

So instead of trying to hang on to the big national retailers, the council is counting on Bishop Auckland attracting tourists who will visit local independent shops. Some new businesses have opened in recent years, with the number of cafes increasing. The new shops are not hipster boutiques - one of the cafes is a '50s-themed coffee shop which sells cream teas.

While the council has bid for a £25m slice of a government fund to help struggling high streets, it's aware that Mr Ruffer's investment is on a scale that no local authority could match. Mr Ruffer is a "visionary" who has given Bishop Auckland a "unique opportunity" to become a tourist attraction, the councillor says.

For a family-run business that was set up more than 50 years ago, Mr Ruffer's investment offers hope. Luca Rea-Dobson - a scaffolder who helps his mother Anna run the "proper cafe" - says the businessman's presence is a "blessing". He laughs as he says the former stockbroker "could have gone anywhere". But Mr Rea-Dobson says the businessman's investment has "split the town", with some locals becoming impatient. "You get a lot of people complaining that it's not happened overnight," he says.

One of the multimillionaire's first projects was Kynren, an annual outdoor show on a farm near the castle that started in 2016. The performance tells the history of England with a 1,000-strong cast and crew made up of local volunteers.

"I laughed when I first heard about it," says Mr Rea-Dobson. But he volunteered to take part anyway. "I had sleepless nights - I put scaffolding up for a living. I'd never wielded a sword before," he says. "But after the first show, the whole town was buzzing."

Kynren is now a top UK attraction on TripAdvisor.

Despite such successes, Mr Ruffer is aware that regenerating Bishop Auckland will take time. "We always felt this was a 25 year project," he says. "We're not quite half way through."

In the meantime, Mr Rea-Dobson's mum, Anna, says she is seeing fewer and fewer people come through her cafe's door, although a loyal base of older regulars is keeping her going. She finds the promise of future trade from Mr Ruffer's tourist attractions encouraging. "It's what I hang on to, really," she says. She pauses, then adds: "How long I can hang on is another thing."

Bishop Auckland's high street faces significant challenges. Like other towns, it's going to have to adapt to survive, though it's lucky to have a rich heritage and historical assets to make the most of. Its past is its future, in many ways, but saving a town isn't a quick fix.

Still, could this town be at a tipping point?
BBC News will be following the progress of Bishop Auckland's town centre this year as part of the #BBCMyHighStreet project. Do you have a story about your local high street which we should cover? Email myhighstreet@bbc.co.uk

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The multimillionaire's plan to reinvent a town

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Clarks in Bishop Auckland was once a place where tiny feet were squeezed into their first pair of school shoes. Now, half-packed cardboard boxes are strewn across the deserted shop floor. "This isn't goodbye," the notice in the window reassures passers-by. You can still buy Clarks shoes online - or drive 20 minutes to Durham.

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When your capital is sinking... start again?

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When your capital is sinking... start again?

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Why climate change and bad city planning means Indonesia is moving its capital from Jakarta

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Winda's house in the Indonesian city of Jakarta is sinking 20cm (8 inches) every year. She has paid for four truckloads of rocks, gravel and cement to build up the foundations. That keeps the rising sea levels from her door, but there is an unfortunate side effect.