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Growing available grains in order to create a stable food supply and have surplus food in order to settle down. It’s almost possible worldwide; rice in  Asia, maize in Mexico, potatoes in andes, wheat in fertile centre and yam in west Africa. The downside is that it requires to change the environment for more space to farm when the populations start growing and farming is no easy task. Many historians say that it was one of the causes for slavery.

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Traveling with a group of same domesticated animals from place to place. It allowed a stable supplies of meat, milk, wool and leather. Yet it would harm the environment because of the constant need for new grass. Plus only a hand-full of animals can be domesticated.

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Unknown, but earliest is 7,000 BCE in china

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Fermentation is when sugar in over ripe fruit start attracting yeast which produce a compound called ethanol. It created alcohol with only 13% and it would spoil. After some time the ethanol would become toxic and kill the yeast which resulted in no more fermentation and the alcohol to level off. In Greece they used it in medicine and for creativity. Christianity used it in rituals but counted intoxication a sin. Arabic countries banned drunk praying which resulted in alcohol ban.

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It’s a process where the fermented liquid is boiled into a vapour. Once the vapour is cooled down it leaves liquid alcohol with a higher percentage. It was often used in medicine and trade because it didn’t spoil like beer or wine. Europe produced Rum from sugar, Brandy and Gin. During the age of exploration it was important for long sea voyages. In order to keep the fresh water, they would add a cup of brandy in order for it to stay fresh for longer since it killed harmful bacteria.

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Joannes Baptista van Helmont conducted an experiment while under house arrest to test his hypothesis on how plants grow. He thought plants gained nutrients from the soil. He planted a willow tree which was 5 pounds in 200 pounds of soil and took care of it for 5 years. After he weighed the tree and soil. He realised that plants grow from water instead of soil.

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Maria Sibylla Merian published a book of insect metamorphose which detail the life cycles of many insects. It showed the different stages of insects and how they grew over time.

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Carl Linnaeus created the binomial system in order to categorise species. The first name or genus represents a more general category. The second name or species is based on specific characterises of the species. The system is still used to this day in order to categorise species.

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Edward Jenner injected cowpox virus into a child. The child then became immune to smallpox virus, even thought there was an outbreak of smallpox virus at the time. This event is considered to be the first ever vaccine.

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Jean Baptist Lamarck theorised that species inherited the traits that their parents acquired during life. He believed that certain body parts which were used, would be passed down to their kids. Although his theory was proven wrong, many historians credit him for predicting epigenetic.

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A few scientists discovered microorganisms, which they called germs. The scientists believed that these germs were responsible for causing illnesses. This belief was proven correct when there was a cholera outbreak. During this outbreak, scientists were able to gather evidential suppport for germs, leading to the Germ Theory. This theory later became more popular and replaced the idea of disease being caused by bad air.

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In the combined works of Darwin and Wallace they proved that in nature only the fittest are able to survive and reproduce. Since the population of species grows geometrically while food stays arithmetically, it results in famine and weak species going extinct. In the paper there was no mention of a creator or a design for the species. The species aren’t fixed and the evolution takes aeons which results in useful traits emerging.

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Discovery that microorganisms are everywhere

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Discovery that microorganisms are everywhere

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Louis Pasteur conducted an experiment using broth and flasks. During this time, many scientists believed that microorganisms would grow in things such as water, air, or broth. Pasteur conducted an experiment where he heated broth and put it into a flask. There were no microorganisms in this broth, but when he tilted the flask and exposed it to the air at the top, microorganisms contaminated the broth. From this experiment, Pasteur found that microorganisms are everywhere.

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Alfred Russel Wallace wrote about a sort of invisible line which is called the "Wallace line" in Indonesia. It separates species, in the west they resemble Asian ones while in the east they resemble Australian ones. Biologists use biogeography to study plants, animals and geological formations.

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Robert Koch was able to isolate the bacteria that caused cholera. This isolation of a specific bacterium that had definite proof that it caused cholera showed that germs were responsible for illnesses. This scientific step further proved that the Germ Theory was correct.

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Linus Pauling used crystallography to figure out the alpha helix structure of common proteins. This was essential for discovering the struture of DNA. Pauling was eventually able to figure out the DNA was made up of three helices.

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Watson and Crick discovered that DNA must have a double helix structure. This was essential in biotechnology development. They also found that the adenines and thymines must be paired and the guanine and cytosine must be paired.

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Nutrients were originally formed on Earth

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Nutrients were originally formed on Earth

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Harold Urey and Stanley Miller conducted an experiment where they found amino acids out of dead nutrients. These findings helped to prove that everything was constructed out of basic nutrients that were formed on Earth.

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Paul Berg, Stanley Cohen, and Herbert Boyer published information on rDNA after a series of experiments were conducted. This rDNA was a type of synthetic DNA that was made by cloning part of the genome. This cloning allowed insulin shots to be made from synthetic DNA, instead of using DNA from animals.