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🎥Technology Tip: Check your Readability Statistics 🎯

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🎥Technology Tip: Check your Readability Statistics 🎯

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Use MS Word to check the word count and readability of your work: Flesch Reading, Flesch-Kincaid scores to help you determine your reading level.

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🎥 Step by Step: What to do for the 2nd Draft

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🎥 Step by Step: What to do for the 2nd Draft

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Read as reader, not as the writer!

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How to write the Second Draft of your Research Paper

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📰Tell Me More About the  Second Draft...

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📰Tell Me More About the  Second Draft...

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Take a deeper look at what you do as a writer in a second draft.

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After you have written the first draft of your essay, you might think most of your work has been completed. You might take a break for several days and completely forget about your writing. Though this rest is necessary, do not rush into creating a final draft when you decide to come back to your essay. The writing process is more complicated than that, requiring a writer to make a second draft before making it final. The second draft may be thought of as an enhanced and more detailed copy of the first one, and its main purpose is to make sure you haven't missed anything crucial.

Steps for Crafting a Second Draft of an Essay

1. Reread your first draft slowly, caring about how each of your main points are expressed, how the thesis holds up to the rest of your essay, and the technical side of your writing such as grammar, punctuation, and spelling.

2. Fill in the blank spaces you might have left while writing the first draft; include content you noted in the margin while writing your first draft. Stated succinctly, clean up the clutter: complete all sentences and expand a little on all ideas that weren't fully elaborated on.

3. Take a closer look at the order your arguments are organized in and see whether they hold together. This means the essay should flow from one point to another in a convincing manner. At this step, you might want to change certain key points, or even the structure of the whole essay.

4. Analyze each argument you introduce and decide whether the evidence is sufficient, and whether the argument is appropriate to your topic. In other words, consider whether your arguments answer the question: "Does this argument match my thesis and develop its concept properly?" Mind including several alternative perspectives as well.

5. Pay additional attention to the introduction and conclusion section. Think of several catching phrases for the introduction that would draw in reader's attention and logically lead to the thesis statement. Also, think about the best way to summarize your arguments and thesis statement in the conclusion.

Key Points to Consider

1. The second draft is usually easier to craft because you already have the material written down, so your task is more about trimming it than writing from scratch. However, you might want to experiment and write the second draft from scratch based on what you have written in the first copy.

2. The second draft implies that you start filling in the blueprint of your essay you drafted so far with specific details. Therefore, at this point, it may turn out that you need to conduct additional research to verify your data, or create more convincing arguments. An insufficient supporting base can be noticed easily, so make sure all information you present in your future essay is credible.

3. You can't cram all your ideas into one piece of writing. If you have made notes about several ideas on the same issue or argument, you must choose only one of them. This way your arguments will be precise and pinpointed.

4. In the second draft, you can start paying attention to punctuation, grammar, style of writing, and other technical issues you ignored in the first draft copy.

Do and Don't

Do

Do be extra-attentive to the organization of your essay and to the arguments you have came up with. Your essay should flow logically and supporting evidence should be sufficient.

Do use transition words between paragraphs that indicate how each of them refers to your thesis statement.

Do start adding additional details; look for factual information that would make your writing more vivid.

Do rearrange your arguments and reorganize the structure of a whole draft in cases when you see it will foster the next versions of your essay.

Do feel free to exclude those arguments that don't seem rather credible to you, and replace them with more efficient ones.

Don't

Don't forget to include alternative perspectives in your piece of writing; this way, you can show you are aware of possible objections to your opinions, and that you are prepared for them.

Don't treat the introduction and conclusion as sections to leave out, or left for the final draft; write them thoroughly. Make sure to meet all fundamental writing criteria.

Don't feel distressed about writing the second draft. Usually it is much easier to work on than the first copy, since you already have your main points on paper, and your main task is to organize them properly and trim them when needed.

Common Mistakes When Crafting a Second Draft of an Essay

- Proceeding to the second draft immediately after completing the first one. You may want to finish this process as soon as possible, but the truth is when your head is full, you can hardly think of anything worthwhile.

- Introducing multiple arguments per paragraph, thus trying to put all your ideas into one paper. This way you can't enhance your writing, because for your arguments to sound convincing, it must be heavily supported by evidence; since essays usually have a word limit, you can hardly support all the arguments you want to come up with appropriately. Choose only the most significant arguments.

- Forgetting the importance of revising your initial thesis statement. Reformulate it, or even completely change it if you see that it doesn't appear to correspond with your arguments.

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How to Write a Second Draft | AcademicHelp.net

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After you have written the first draft of your essay, you might think most of your work has been completed. You might take a break for several days and completely forget about your writing. Though this rest is necessary, do not rush into creating a final draft when you decide to come back to your essay.

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Now that you have an outline, excellent notes with a lot of fantastic evidence, how do you start writing?

There is no right way to draft, there are different methods that work for different people, but it can take time to learn what works best for you. Try some of the tips in the videos and articles on this page.

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Here is a general guide pinpointing what goes into your first draft.

✔Make sure you carefully read your prompt and the rubric to make sure you aren't missing any requirements.

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A draft is a complete version of a piece of writing, but it is not the final version. The step in the writing process after drafting, as you may remember, is revising. During revising, you will have the opportunity to make changes to your first draft before you put the finishing touches on it during the editing and proofreading stage.

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8 Types of Essays (Masterclass.com)

To decide which essay style best suits your needs as a writer, check out the list below:

1. Expository essay: An expository essay, also known as a definition essay, is the most basic type of essay. Expository essays aim only to explain an idea or define a concept, without making an argument. In general, expository essays are shorter pieces that answer a question (for example, “How is paper made?”) as directly as possible.

2. Analytical essay: An analytical essay is similar to an expository essay in that it describes a concept, but the analytical essay takes the topic one step further by presenting the advantages and disadvantages of the subject to provide an objective analysis. For instance, an expository essay would describe how the president is elected, while an analytical essay would describe how the president is elected and dive into the possible benefits and pitfalls of the electoral process.

3. Persuasive essay: A persuasive essay, also known as an argumentative essay, is a type of essay that takes a stance on an issue. In a good argumentative essay, a writer attempts to persuade readers to understand and support their specific point of view about a topic by stating their reasoning and providing evidence to back it up. A persuasive essay usually includes an introduction, a thesis statement, body paragraphs that feature a counterargument and data to back up your central thesis, and a conclusion.

4. Narrative essay: A narrative essay, also called a personal essay or reflective essay, combines personal storytelling with an academic argument. This essay type allows the writer to make an argument or impart a lesson through personal experience. Narrative essays are always nonfiction and are usually autobiographical, often written from the first-person point of view. They are written with a more creative style versus the strictly objective, fact-based language of academic writing or journalism. Narrative essays can be organized in any way the writers chooses to illustrate its main point. Many personal statements, college application essays, and scholarship essays can also be classified as narrative essays.

5. Descriptive essay: A descriptive essay aims to describe a certain event or object with vivid sensory details (sight, smell, taste, touch, and sound). Similar to a narrative essay, a descriptive essay is often written in a more creative style—but unlike a narrative essay, a descriptive essay usually doesn’t tell a full story or try to make an argument. Many writers choose to write descriptive essays as a writing exercise before they start writing a narrative essay.

6. Compare and contrast essay: A compare and contrast essay places two things side-by-side and points out the similarities and differences between them, usually to illustrate a larger point. In general, compare and contrast essays have body paragraphs that are organized in two main sections: a comparison section, and a contrast section.

7. Cause and effect essay: Similar to a compare and contrast essay, a cause and effect essay (often written as “cause & effect”) aims to show the relationship between things—in particular, how something was influenced by something else (e.g., how an unfair law caused a riot). Cause and effect essays are often organized chronologically, first explaining the cause and then showing its effect.

8. Critical analysis essay: A critical analysis (also called a critical essay) is a literature-based essay, in which the writer breaks down a short piece of literature (often as small as a single sentence) in order to make an argument about what the author is trying to say. Similar to persuasive essays, critical essays usually follow a traditional argument format—introduction, thesis, body, and conclusion—that uses textual evidence and other critics’ writing to back up its ideas.

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📰 Drafting What?!? You want me to do this again? 

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📰 Drafting What?!? You want me to do this again? 

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Sometimes we are happy with the 1st draft, but spending some time writing additional drafts can improve your writing greatly! Learn what to do and change as you write additional drafts.

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Purpose:

It is important to factor enough time into the research assignment for students to work on two to three drafts of their essays. The steps they will have done prior to structuring and writing the actual essay are good pre-writing strategies, but much of the thinking and organizing happens once students start making connections in writing among ideas. These connections, and the arguments as a whole, cannot gain clarity and take full complex shape without the benefit of writing, getting feedback, and rewriting.

Application:

Give students clear due dates for each draft, scheduling time for peer reviews and/or for you to make comments and suggestions for revision. It is often a good idea for students to receive feedback from more than one reader. For more information about peer reviews, see Writing Peer Critiques. Step through the following sections to guide students through their writing process:

Writing a First Draft

Writing a Second Draft

Writing a Final Draft

WRITING A FIRST DRAFT
In developing your thesis, you have been working on determining and developing your main argument that supports your position. The difference between this and the first draft is that your draft will give you a clear beginning, middle, and end. By the same token, this is not written in stone; in this draft you are still exploring your ideas. You will have lots of time to revise and edit for your audience once you are satisfied that you have covered all the ground. Writing the first draft also gives you the opportunity to see how well your arguments support your tentative thesis and how the differing perspectives or opposing viewpoints will affect your position. Follow the following steps in drafting your essay:
1. Get Started:
Plaster your research question and tentative thesis prominently above your work space, so you can refer to them as you write. Review your notes thoroughly and list ideas that you want to be sure to address in your paper. It is important to have an idea early on of what your thesis looks like in relation to the main arguments and to get a feel for the direction that you want to go. Authors often find it useful to lay out the components that they will include in their writing: introduction, background, tentative thesis, main arguments, alternative perspectives, and conclusion. There are several ways to get this broad picture or overview; two of the most common are mapping and outlining. For more information on mapping out your argument, see Developing a Thesis.

Outlining usually takes the form of a linear listing of the components, organized around a hierarchy of concepts and sequences within each hierarchy:
I. Introduction II. Tentative Thesis III. Conclusion
By now you should have identified the three arguments you find most compelling in defending your thesis. If you have a pretty clear idea about the sequence in which you want to present them, an outline might be most appropriate to you. If you have not yet determined how you'd like to sequence them, mapping might feel more appropriate.
2. Begin drafting:
It is not necessary to begin at the beginning; you can start writing wherever you feel relatively confident. You might, for example, begin by defining or explaining terms and concepts in your research question. Once you have done that, move on to another area you feel ready to discuss. Keep asking yourself what your reader will need to know, and write about that.
3. Review what you have written:
Once you have gotten on paper as much as you have to say, read it back carefully, see if you find contradictions, make new connections between ideas, or notice things you've omitted. The tentative thesis that you have plastered above your desk is there to keep you focused. As you review your main arguments and the material you have used to support it, put it to the "Why? Because" test-providing the "because" to the question "why is your thesis so?" Similarly, review the alternative perspectives to confirm that you've adequately addressed them.

Once you feel you have covered what you want to cover, read through again to make sure that the organization and development are logical. One strategy for doing this is to note in the margin in a few words the point of each paragraph. Take those brief phrases and look at them to see whether they follow logically or require reorganizing. Is anything necessary omitted? Make any appropriate changes to your organization and development.
WRITING A SECOND DRAFT
By this time, you will have received feedback on your first draft, which you need to review carefully. Look for patterns in the responses or questions that are raised by readers. You also need to reread your first draft with a fresh eye, as though you were reading it for the first time.

Up to this point, the focus in developing the paper has been on offering a solid thesis, supporting it with strong evidence, anticipating alternative perspectives and responding to those decisively. Ask yourself the following questions:

Have you clearly articulated your thesis?

Do your main arguments give the reasons for "Why your thesis is so?"

Have you supported these with credible and relevant evidence?

Have you adequately addressed alternative perspectives?

What additional reading or research do you need in order to strengthen your thesis and arguments?

After you have more clearly articulated your thesis and arguments by responding to these questions, you can spend some time thinking about the overall presentation. Whether you began with an outline or with a map, you must now confirm that your presentation is organized clearly and logically for the reader by creating an outline from your current version.

Read what you have written, make margin notes on the purpose of each paragraph, and then take these notes and arrange and rearrange as needed. It is a lot easier to rethink the organization when you are looking at brief notations than when you are looking at the entire text. After you have rearranged your notations, you can cut and paste your document to match the new outline.

Once you are satisfied with the organization:

Provide transitions between paragraphs that indicate to the reader how each paragraph relates to your thesis.

Develop an engaging and informative introduction.

Look for evocative language that allows you to tie each section of the paper to the thesis without becoming repetitious.

Come up with a conclusion that returns us to the primary thesis of your paper and gives us ideas about where we can take it next.

WRITING A FINAL DRAFT
As you wrote the second draft, you continued to incorporate new research evidence, refine your thinking and the overall organization and development of your work.

In preparing your final draft, you need to be able to focus on presentation and style, and eliminate distracting errors or breaks in organization, i.e. you need to edit. Editing your final draft includes the following:

Reading carefully for flow and consistency

Reading aloud for sentence boundaries and structure variation

Proofreading for grammar, punctuation, and spelling

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It is important to factor enough time into the research assignment for students to work on two to three drafts of their essays. The steps they will have done prior to structuring and writing the actual essay are good pre-writing strategies, but much of the thinking and organizing happens once students start making connections in writing among ideas.

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How to analyze your initial work. Questions to help you evaluate your work and figure out what revisions you need to make.

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A good first draft can almost always be improved by revision, editing, and rewriting. As you learn to evaluate your own writing more critically, you will be able to improve it. The following checklists will help guide you from a good first draft to an improved, refined final draft.

Purpose, audience, and tone

These elements deal with the overall effect of your essay and should guide you throughout your writing. Ask yourself the following questions:

If I am writing in response to an assignment, does my essay fulfill all the required elements of the assignment?

Is my topic too broad or too general?

Do I state my thesis or main idea early in the paper? If I don't state a thesis or main idea, is it clearly implied so there can be no mistake about the purpose of my paper?

Is my thesis or main idea interesting and compelling? If this is an essay of argument, is my thesis statement fair? Do I address opposing viewpoints?

Is my tone appropriate to my audience and purpose? Does my audience have any special requirements?

Is my tone consistent throughout the essay?

Examples, evidence, and details

These are specific details in the writing process. When you read your essay, you can determine whether you have used these elements well by considering the following questions:

Have I adequately developed my thesis or main idea? Do I use specific details rather than generalities?

Are my examples and evidence accurate, relevant, and convincing?

Do I use quotations appropriately? Is too much of my paper quoted from other sources? Do I paraphrase carefully?

Do I correctly cite sources for the words and ideas of others?

Structure

Use an outline to determine the structure of your paper, but be aware that you may need to alter it as you write. Keep in mind the following points:

Do I have a principle of organization? Do I avoid repetition and digression?

Is the organization of my writing appropriate to my topic and thesis?

Does my introduction catch the reader's attention; does my conclusion summarize and tie up the loose ends of my paper?

Are my paragraphs well developed, unified, and coherent?

Does one paragraph flow into the next? Do I use transitions between paragraphs?

Are my examples, evidence, and details in the best order? Do I save the strongest point for last?

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Checklists for Improving Your First Draft

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A good first draft can almost always be improved by revision, editing, and rewriting. As you learn to evaluate your own writing more critically, you will be able to improve it. The following checklists will help guide you from a good first draft to an improved, refined final draft.

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🎥 You have an outline, now what do you do with it?  Using an Outline to Write your Essay 

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🎥 You have an outline, now what do you do with it?  Using an Outline to Write your Essay 

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⭐ This video really makes writing that first draft doable. Sometimes you just have to watch someone go through the process! The teacher simplifies and models the process, avoiding the complicated.

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Watch a professor explain step by step the writing moves she made.

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A short video about how to write a first draft.

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If you didn't watch the video, How to Turn Ideas into Arguments,  in the last section. Watch it now!
The video broke essay drafting into 4 parts.
1.Read and annotate
2.Think and Generate Ideas
3. Filter and Build Arguments
4. Summarize Strong Ideas into Arguments

Writing an essay can be stressful, so watch this clip to remind yourself that a first draft is just a draft!

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Why would you want to do this? How can it help? How do you do it?
👀 Watch here!