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Chapter XXI, “Of the liberty of Subjects” Hala 

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Chapter XXI, “Of the liberty of Subjects” Hala 

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Hobbes discussed the concept of liberty. He had explained the meaning of being free as: “Is he, that in those things, which by his strength and wit he is able to do, is not hindered to do what he has a will to” (Leviathan 139). According to this definition, we can find that liberty is bound to signify a living thing. Therefore, liberty is not a description to the desire or speech. It, however, defines the character of a man and must not be physically hindered.

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"Fear and liberty are consistent; as when a man throweth his goods into the sea for fear the ship should sink,* he doth it nevertheless very willingly, and may refuse to do it if he will: it is therefore the action, of one that was free: so a man sometimes pays his debt, only for fear of imprisonment, which because nobody hindered him from detaining, was the action of a man at liberty. And generally all actions which men do in commonwealths, for fear of the law, are actions" (349, chapter 21). Here, Hobbes explain that fear is the main reason that make people do things that they don’t want to do and opposite of their real intentions, and this happens because of main rules or goverment.

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When a man is being suspected and being asked about something he did not do, he has the right to not lie about doing something he did not do: "I f a man be interrogated by the sovereign, or his authority, concerning a crime done by himself, he is not bound (without assurance of pardon) to confess it; because no man (as I have shown in the same chapter) can be obliged by covenant to accuse himself" (353).
Here, Hobbes explains that if the man accused himself in somthing he did not do, this confession is not true, but also this man has the right not to confess himself if he was being interogated by a higher authority.

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 Chapter 18. For Hobbes, other creatures like ants and bees do have peaceful life more than men. And this is the reason why: "these creature like bees and ants work for their own private good and therefore, they procure the common benefit". Then he said about the men "but man, whose joy consisteth in comparing himself with other men" (Hobbes, 113). So, because these creatures like ants and bees mind their own good and do not look into what others have, they live a peaceful life, but, as for humans, they are not. So, a human needs to give up some of their freedoms and rights to the common good in order for them to be able to live peacefully. So, having a state, a "commonwealth," is important to organize them.

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 Chapter 18. For Hobbes, other creatures like ants and bees do have peaceful life more than men. And this is the reason why: "these creature like bees and ants work for their own private good and therefore, they procure the common benefit". Then he said about the men "but man, whose joy consisteth in comparing himself with other men" (Hobbes, 113). So, because these creatures like ants and bees mind their own good and do not look into what others have, they live a peaceful life, but, as for humans, they are not. So, a human needs to give up some of their freedoms and rights to the common good in order for them to be able to live peacefully. So, having a state, a "commonwealth," is important to organize them.

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People have a right to live their life and believe in what they are convinced of, and this is part of freedom. According to Spinoza, "Now, seeing that we have the rare happiness of living in a republic, where everyone's judgment is free an unshackled, where each many worship God as his conscience dictates and where freedom is esteemed before all things dear and precious" (p.?) He argues that every person has the rights to bond with their Lord as the want.

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Hobbes believes that there are more than the foreigners to protect the people from. He states: "The only way to erect such a common power, as may be able
to defend them from the invasion of foreigners, and the injuries of
one another" (Leviathan 144). So, Hobbes believes that the power needs to defend the citizens from the intruders, but also from one another.

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Regarding the rights and freedom of will for the people, Hobbes writes, "Again, the consent of a subject to sovereign power, is contained in these words, I authorize, or take upon me, all his actions; in which there is no restriction at all, of his own former natural liberty: for by allowing him to kill me, I am not bound to kill myself when he commands me. It is one thing to say, kill me, or my follow, if you please; another thing to say, I will kill myself, or my follow"  (Leviathan, 144).
This explains that in a sovereign state some rights of the people must be given up, to which it will fall under the state's responsibility. There is no limits to what can be ordered by the state and all must abide.

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Hobbes explains that man can not live without a common power that is feared by the majority. He says, "Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war, as is of every man, against every man." This quote goes to show that in order to maintain order government and consequences must be set in place in order for the people to respect. There must be some form of force that the people fear that will oblige them to follow a set of rules that allow things to move more peacefully. Without this common force society would be in a state of chaos and it would be man against man.

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Hobbes in chapter 21, discusses liberty. Here is how it is related to fear:
“Fear and liberty are consistent; as when a man throweth his goods into the sea for the fear the ship should sink, he doth it nevertheless very willingly, and may refuse to do it if he will: it is therefore the action, of one that was free: so a man sometimes pays his debt, only for fear of imprisonments”(Hobbes, 140).
In this passage, the writer discusses how choices are made as the effect of fear, and how fear could be a restriction of liberty. He gives an example of a ship: he says how a man would throw his goods because he fears the ship would sink. That is how people normally take choices by thinking of the results and consequences of them.
Alaa abu hilal

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Hobbes discusses the obligation for the ones who are physically adequate to use arms when opposed to an enemy. "To resist the sword of the commonwealth, in defence of another man, guilty, or innocent, no man hath liberty; because such
liberty, takes away from the sovereign, the means of protecting us" (Leviathan, 145). Here, Hobbes argues that the ones who decline to use arms against an enemy, can be punished and killed since a  sovereign's capability to protect his subjects is important to the security of commonwealth. In a way, this goes against the natural law of self-preservation, however, the protection of the commonwealth has a higher priority over the safety of individuals.

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In the chapter ? by Hobbes, it is said: “It is true, that certain living creatures, as bees, and ants, live sociably one with another, (which are therefore by Aristotle numbered amongst political creatures;) and yet have no other direction, than their particular judgments and appetites; nor speech, whereby one of them can signify to another, what he thinks expedient for the common benefit: and therefore some man may perhaps desire know, why mankind cannot do the same” (Hobbes, 345). He discussed the living organisms like bees and ants. Although they coexist with each other, work for common interests outside of hate, and this is the opposite of men in how they deal with each other motivated by hated and envy.

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Hobbes believes that Commonwealth arises in each person due to people giving up their rights to a sovereign. In the chapter of Commonwealth (17), Hobbes writes, "[I] authorize and give up my right of governing myself, to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition, that thou give up thy right to him, and authorize all his actions in like manner. This done, the multitude so united in one person, is called a Commonwealth" (Hobbes, 114). Hobbes is saying that Commonwealth is not possible until men simultaneously give up their rights to a sovereign. This is done to help the state against their enemies.

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In the chapter on the state (21), Hobbes writes, "[t]he liberty, whereof there is so frequent, and honourable mention, in the histories, and philosophy of ancient Greeks, and Romans, and in the writings, and discourse of those that from them have received all their learning in the politics, is not the liberty of particular men, but the liberty of the commonwealth" (Leviathan, 142). That is, the freedom which the authors such as Aristotle or Confucius praise is the liberty of sovereigns (just as in Machiavelli's The Prince), and not of private individuals.