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️⚽️ Low gravitational force
️⚽️ Examples : Environments in outer space

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️⚽️ High atmospheric pressure
️⚽️ High partial pressure of certain gases = LIFE-THREATENING

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⏱ Pulmonary ventilation increases - hyperventilation occurs that increases CO2 clearance
⏱ Pulmonary diffusion is not affected but, O2 transport is slightly impaired = HbO2 saturation decreases
⏱ Gas exchange in the muscles = decreases - Diffusion gradient between blood & active tissue is lowered - O2 uptake is affected
⏱ Maximum O2 consumption decreases since PO2 decreases

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🥎 In 1st few week, plasma volume decreases = RBC per unit of blood increases (plasma volume is restored)
🥎 Continued exposure increases the production of RBC & blood volume

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📍 Submaximal Work - Cardiac output increases = To increased in HR & a-vO2 differences also increases (After 10 days cardiac output decreases)
📍 Maximal Work - SV & HR decreases = To the lowered in PO2 that impairs O2 delivery
📍 Hypobaric conditions limit O2 delivery to muscles - Decreasing the capacity to perform aerobic activities

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🎏 Blood pressure increases during exercise at altitude - due to structural changes in the pulmonary arteries & hypoxic vasoconstriction

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🔋 O2 deliver to the muscles decreases - Oxidative capacity decreases
🔋 Cause - Anaerobic energy production in increase = Increase in blood lactate production at submaximal work

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HYPERBARIC CONDITIONS : EXERCISING UNDERWATER

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HYPERBARIC CONDITIONS : EXERCISING UNDERWATER

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🔮 High pressure of gases in the paranasal sinuses, the respiratory tract = Gases to dissolve in body fluids
🔮 Submersion - exposes body to a hyperbaric environment where external pressure is greater than at sea level
🔮 Volume decreases = Pressure increases
🔮 During ascend, the air expand = the molecules come out of solution and form of bubbles

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🎮 Oxygen poisoning
🎮 Decompression sickness
🎮 Nitrogen narcosis
🎮 Spontaneous Pneumothorax
🎮 Ruptured eardrum
🎮RHR decreases 5 - 8 beat per minute diving in cold water

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MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENTS, EXERCISE IN SPACE

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MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENTS, EXERCISE IN SPACE

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️⚽️ Low atmospheric pressure
️⚽️ Low partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) - Low pulmonary diffusion & low O2 transport to tissue
⚽️ HYPOXIA (O2 deficiency)

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🤽 Sea level, the barometric pressure = 760mmHg
🤽 Summit of Mt. Everest = 250mmHg
🤽 Barometric pressure is low at altitude
🤽 The partial pressure of these gases change

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☁ Cold air holds little water = Air at altitude is dry
☁ Humidity of the air is low - DEHYDRATION !

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3. SOLAR RADIATION IS MORE INTENSE BECAUSE THE ATMOSPHERE IS THINNER AND DRIER

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3. SOLAR RADIATION IS MORE INTENSE BECAUSE THE ATMOSPHERE IS THINNER AND DRIER

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📕 Hypoxic condition (lack of O2) triggers the release of erythropoietin (EPO) - hormones responsible for the production of RBC - increases of hemoglobin
📕 Increases in "blood O2-carrying capacity"

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📕 Total muscles mass & total body weight decreases - dehydration & appetite suppression (protein breakdown occur in the muscle)
📕 Fiber also decreases
📕 Increases in capillary supply
📕 Decrease in metabolic enzymes activities

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📕 VO2Max decreases even after several week
📕 Increases in RBC - only during the first few weeks return to sea level

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🧙 Physiological changes - exposure to microgravity = detraining in athlete & aging population
🧙 Fiber decreases & Bone mineral  density decreases - approximately 4% from the weight bearing bones
🧙 EXERCISES MOST EFFECTIVE COUNTER