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A period of time where many African Americans migrated North, to Harlem which is a neighborhood on Upper West side of NY's Manhattan Island. Harlem became the center of black Americans and the birthplace of political, social, and cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. Harlem was at the center of all the black movements at the time and hosted some of the greatest black musicians writers artists and politicians.

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The Great Migration was a large movement of thousands of southern African Americans (greater than 6 million) moving to big cities in the north. By the end of the decade, over 40% lived in cities. Many sought to escape racial discrimination and even searched for new job opportunities. However, the north did not want all the African Americans, leading to about 25 urban race riots. What came with the great migration was the growth of African Americans intellectually and it cause them to have great movement in the art, music, and political world.

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This group urged the African American's to protest the racial violence going on in the country. WEB DuBois was a founding father of the of this group and played a huge leading role in how it effected the country. They encouraged African Americans to speak out and this is shown in many of the great arts.

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Ida B. Wells was the leader of the NAACP. She attempted to establish the Anti-Lynching Law, which was made to protect african american rights. After the establishment of this Anti-Lyching Law, Lynching against african americans dramtically decreased in all of the united states. Her contribution to African American rights paved the way for respect towards African Americans.

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Marcus Garvey was an immigrant from Jamaica and took a very radical perspective on civil rights. Garvey took a very extreme stances on black pride where he encouraged African Americans to build their own society and return to Africa to overthrow its colonial oppressors. He founded the UNIA (universal Negro Improvement Association) in 1918 and established several offices in ghettos around New York City to be able to recruit followers which was rather successful because his message of black pride and black independence struck a chord within several African Americans and African immigrants.

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Black writers celebrated their heritage and wrote with defiance and poignancy about trials of being black in a white world. Writers like Claude Mckay and Langston Hughes wrote about the pain of life in the black ghettos and strain of being black in world dominated by whites, difficult lives of working-class, and unschooled for those blacks.

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Paul Robeson was a successful and dramatic actor and was very popular among society. He became very involved in the civil rights movement during the 1920's. Black performers were popular among whites and blacks and it spotlighted the talents of several black performers during the 1920's. The black performers boomed during the Harlem Renaissance. Black performers brought new ideas and shifted culture and society.

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Black musicians like Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington were some of the most prolific Jazz Musicians of this era. Louis Armstrong, born in 1901, a trumpet player for the Creole Jazz Band, became widely known for his immense, and unique talent. Another important musician of the era was Duke Ellington. Born as Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington in 1899, was a Jazz Pianist, and composer. He led his 10 piece orchestra at the Cotton Club, and soon became one of the most highly known Jazz players of the era, and also considered one of the most important jazz musicians of all time. Both Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington were key players in the development of African American music, and paved the way for other African American musicians in the future such as John Coltrane, and Miles Davis.

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1. What role did Bessie Smith play in black music during the Harlem Renaissance?

2. How did black musicians shape the Harlem Renaissance era?

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Bessie Smith - I'm Wild About That Thing (1929)

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Bessie Smith (jul 9,1892 or apr.15,1894 - sep.26,1937) was Americas most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and '30s. Smith is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era, and along with Louis Armstrong, a major influence on subsequent jazz vocalists.