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1. http://www.space.com/26010-future-of-human-space-exploration.html

2. http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/2014/20141119-how-nasa-plans-mars.html?referrer=https://www.google.co.in/

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zsf4NXcE4Qg

4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gV7LX0tLDw

5. http://www.space.com/14291-photos-future-interstellar-starship-visions-spaceflight.html

6. Book- Spacecraft Design

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ADITYA IYER: Technologies and Plans mentioned in the Articles

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ADITYA IYER: Technologies and Plans mentioned in the Articles

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1> Low Earth Orbit technology- A low Earth Orbit(LEO) is an orbit around Earth with an altitude between 160 kilometers (99 mi) (orbital period of about 88 minutes), and 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi) (about 127 minutes)

2>Specialised 3D printers- printers that can create specialized, one-off tools that can be made off planet surface material and can be ground back out of existence

3> Inflatable habitat connected to the ISS- This habitat will have the technology to shield astronauts inside from external harmful radiation

4>Distant Retrograde Orbit- Lunar DRO is a highly stable orbit where objects can remain steady for about a hundred years

5>Asteroid Redirect Mission- A project to develop technology that entails the spacecraft either snagging an entire 10-meter asteroid, or plucking a boulder off a larger asteroid

6> Exploration of Phobos- Phobos is Mars' potato shaped moon. The plan is to use it as an intermediate site for future Mars missions.

7>Space Launch System- An advanced space craft system that can carry about 130 tonnes of cargo to build permanent infrastructure on MARS and the ISS and so on.

8> Durable Terra forming Bacteria- Bacteria that can work on the planets surface and atmosphere to make it life sustainable, and also carries the human genome for replication.

9>100 Year Starship Program- The plan is to send astronauts to explore, not only Mars or the solar system, but also other planetary systems.

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• Operationally addressing six natural disasters including Floods, Cyclones, Drought, Landslides, Earthquakes and Forest Fires • R&D Studies on Early warning Systems, Decision Support Tools

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• Ocean Primary Productivity • Ocean State Forecast (OSF) • Storm Surge Modeling • Regional Weather prediction • Tropical Cyclones & Mesoscale studies • Extended Range Monsoon Prediction

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• Landslide Hazard Zonation • Mineral/ Oil Exploration, Mining Areas, • Seismo‐tectonic Studies • Engineering & Geo‐Environmental studies

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• Forest Cover & Type mapping • Wetland Inventory & Conservation plans • Biodiversity Characterization • Desertification Status mapping • Coastal, Mangroves, Coral related • Snow & Glacier studies

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• Crop Production Forecast • Saline/ Sodic Soils mapping • Agro‐Met Services & Disaster Surveillance (pest, floods, drought) • Horticulture development

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What is the organisational system of the Indian Space Programme?

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What is the organisational system of the Indian Space Programme?

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TOPIC: Organisational systems, commercialization, and cost-benefit analysis of Indian space programme

LINK OF THE ORIGINAL ARTICLE

http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1812_1822_0.pdf

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THIS SURVEY IS MEANT FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC

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General public and mainly students need to be aware about the space exploration as it has a very huge potential ahead.

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TOPIC : SPACE EXPLORATION

QUESTIONAIRE:

1. Is space exploration necessary at all for the humanity?

a) no,its unnecessary

b) yes,very important for development and opens future possibilities

c) not sure

2.Is it reasonable for a country like India to spend huge amount on space exploration?

a) yes,space programme leads to development and its worth investing

b) no,its a waste of money

c) not sure

3. Is India's "Mangalyan" (Mars Orbiter Mission) better than NASA's MAVEN?

a) yes, much cheaper and fairly efficient

b) no,cheaper but not that efficient

c) cannot be compared

4.Should space technology be utilised for military purpose as well?

a) yes,that is highly recommended

b) no, both fields of research have different dimensions

c) not sure

5.Do you think the sole aim of the Indian space programme is to compete with the developed countries and establish itselves?

a) yes, its meant for establishing India among the giants in spce exploration

b) no, its meant for development and upliftment of the country

c) not sure

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NEETU YADAV

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1.cryogenic:

cryogenics is the study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures. It is not well-defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins, but scientists assume it starts at or below −150 °C (123 K; −238 °F).

2.geosynchronous satellite:-

A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite in geosynchronousorbit, with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period.

3.payload:

the part of a vehicle's load, especially an aircraft's, from which revenue is derived; passengers and cargo.

4. transponders: a device for receiving a radio signal and automatically transmitting a different signal

5.launch vehicle: In spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry a payload from Earth's surface into outer space.

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NEETU  : Questions                                       

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NEETU  : Questions                                       

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Why is the success of GSLV mission so important for India?

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Why is the success of GSLV mission so important for India?

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Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO's) successful launch of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-D5, on Sunday from Sriharikota marks a significant achievement of India's prowess over indigenous cryogenic technology. It has put India in a select class of 5 countries namely USA, Russia, France, Japan and China who posses this advanced technology which is considered a frontier in rocket science technology.

The Technology
The cryogenic stage on the GSLV is the third stage and uses liquid hydrogen as fuel and liquid oxygen as an oxidiser. Cryogenic stage is a highly efficient rocket stage that provides more thrust for every kg of propellant it burns compared to solid and earth-storable liquid propellant stages. The specific impulse achievable with cryo fluids is 450 seconds compared to 300 seconds for other fuels.

Advantages
The success of GSLV D-5 would enable India to place satellites with a weight of upto 2000-2500kg in space. At present, Indian satellites of this category are launched by foreign space agencies like Arianespace. Countriees such as France help India in the effort.The space agency spends around ₹500 crore for the launch of heavyweight satellites by a foreign space agency. However, the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) could launch these satellites onboard its own launch vehicle like the GSLV at nearly half the cost. A satellite placed in a geosynchronous orbit matches earth’s rotation.

To Muffle the West
India had first ventured on the path of obtaining cryogenic technology in 1992 with a two-pronged strategy of purchasing cryogenic engines from Russia and acquiring the technology from the US. US vetoed Russia after the end of the cold war era to deny India the technology to develop cryogenic engines. Following the 1998 nuclear tests and sanctions imposed by the US on dual use technologies, the cryogenic technology was denied by the US. ISRO used seven cryogenic engines sold by Russia for the early phase of its GSLV programme that began in 2001 while developing an indigenous technology in parallel. The GSLV launches with the Russian engines have had mixed success with only two flights perfectly to plan.

Conclusion
The successful flight of 49.13 metre tall rocket weighing 414.75 tonnes is the first step in building rockets that can carry heavier payloads, up to four tonnes. The cryogenic engine technology will help the Indian agency save precious foreign exchange by launching communication satellites by itself than depending on foreign rockets. From understanding cryogenic technology, the Isro scientists have mastered it and it was made possible through the strong leadership of UR Rao who had envisioned of India having its own cryogenic technology. After lots of failure of GSLV launches in the past, ISRO chief K. Radhakrishnan states that, "GSLV is not a naughty boy anymore. It has matured into an obedient adult".

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Why Mars, Venus, were
discovered and satellites were send to theses planets first ?

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Why Mars, Venus, were
discovered and satellites were send to theses planets first ?

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The satellites that were used works on the solar power. These planets were nearer to the sun so the solar energy was sufficient there to power the satellite while the planets like Jupiter, Saturn were located where there was not enough solar energy. Later the satellites use the energy from the decay of radioactive isotopes for power.

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What were the problems
faced in building the first rocket ? 

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What were the problems
faced in building the first rocket ? 

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The main problem faced by the scientists was to overcome the gravity of earth so that a rocket can cross its vicinity as the weight of rocket was a big concern.Another problem that they faced was the type of fuel to be used. Earlier they used solid fuel but then they used liquid fuel to get more thrust.

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Siege : Asiege is a military blockade of a city or
fortress with the intent of conquering by attrition or assault.
Reprimand : that means an act or expression of criticism

Suburb : A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.

Enthrall : capture the fascinated attention of

Lull : calm or send to sleep, typically with soothing sounds or movements

Hiatus : a pause or break in continuity in a sequence or activity.

Pioneer : develop or be the first to use or apply (a new method, area of knowledge, or activity)

Gaze : look steadily and intently, especially in admiration, surprise, or thought

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On July 20th, 1969, history was made when men walked on the Moon for the very first time. The result of almost a decade's worth of preparation, billions of dollars of investment, strenuous technical development and endless training, the Moon Landing was the high point of the Space Age and the single greatest accomplishment ever made.

Because they were the first men to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin are forever written in history. And since that time, only ten men have had the honor of following in their footsteps. But with plans to return to the Moon, a new generation of lunar explorers is sure to be coming soon. So just who were these twelve men who walked on the Moon?

Prelude to the Moon Landing:

Before the historic Apollo 11 mission and Moon Landing took place, NASA conducted two manned missions to test the Apollo spacecraft and the Saturn V rockets that would be responsible for bringing astronauts to the lunar surface. The mission - which took place on Dec. 21st, 1968 - would be the first time a spacecraft left Earth orbit, orbited the Moon, and then returned safely to Earth.

During the mission, the three-astronaut crew - Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders - spent three days flying to the Moon, then completed 10 circumlunar orbits in the course of 20 hours before returning to Earth on Dec. 27th.

During one of their lunar orbits, the crew made a Christmas Eve television broadcast where they read the first 10 verses from the Book of Genesis. At the time, the broadcast was the most watched TV program in history, and the crew was named Time magazine's " Men of the Year " for 1968 upon their return.

On May 18th, 1969, in what was described as a "dress rehearsal" for a lunar landing, the mission blasted off. This involved testing all the components and procedures that would be used for the sake of the Moon Landing.

The crew - which consisted of Thomas P. Stafford as Commander, John W. Young as the Command Module Pilot, and Eugene A. Cernan as the Lunar Module Pilot - flew to the Moon and passed within 15.6 km (8.4 nautical miles) of the lunar surface before returning home.

Apollo 11:

On July 16th, 1969, at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 a.m. EDT local time) the historic mission took off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The crew consisted of Neil Armstrong as the Commander, Michael Collins as the Command Module Pilot), and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin as the Lunar Module Pilot.

On July 19th at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit. On the following day, the Lunar Module Eagle separated from the Command Module Columbia, and Armstrong and Aldrin commenced their Lunar descent.

Taking manual control of the Lunar Module, Armstrong brought them down to a landing spot in the Sea of Tranquility, and then announced their arrival by saying: "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." After conducting post-landing checks and depressurizing the cabin, Armstrong and Aldrin began descending the ladder to the lunar surface.

When he reached the bottom of the ladder, Armstrong said: "I'm going to step off the LEM now" (Lunar Excursion Module). He then turned and set his left boot on the surface of the Moon at 2:56 UTC July 21st, 1969, and spoke the famous words "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."

About 20 minutes after the first step, Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface, and the two men began conducting the planned surface operations. In so doing, they became the first and second humans to set foot on the Moon.

Apollo 12:

Four months later, on November 14th, 1969, the mission took off from the Kennedy Space Center. Crewed by Commander Charles "Pete" Conrad, Lunar Module Pilot Alan L. Bean and Command Module Pilot Richard F. Gordon, this mission would be the second time astronauts would walk on the Moon.

Ten days later, the Lunar Module touched down without incident on the southeastern portion of the Ocean of Storms. When Conrad and Bean reached the lunar surface, Bean's first words were: "Whoopie! Man, that may have been a small one step for Neil, but that's a long one for me." In the course of conducting a Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVAs), the two astronauts became the third and fourth men to walk on the Moon.

The crew also brought the first color television camera to film the mission, but transmission was lost after Bean accidentally destroyed the camera by pointing it at the Sun. On one of the two EVAs, the crew visited the Surveyor 3 unmanned probe, which had landed in the Ocean of Storms on April 20th, 1967. The mission ended on November 24th with a successful splashdown.

Apollo 14:

The mission was intended to be the third lunar landing; but unfortunately, the explosion of the oxygen tank aboard the Service Module forced the crew to abort the landing. Using the Lunar Module as a "lifeboat", the crew executed a single loop around the Moon before safely making it back to Earth.

As a result, would be the third manned mission to the lunar surface, crewed by veteran Alan Shepard (as Commander), Stuart Roosa as Command Module Pilot, and Edgar Mitchell as Lunar Module Pilot. The mission launched on January 31st, 1971 and Shepard and Mitchell made their lunar landing on February 5th in the Fra Mauro formation, which had originally been targeted for the Apollo 13 mission.

During two lunar EVAs, Shepard and Mitchell became the fifth and sixth men to walk on the Moon. They also collected 42 kilograms (93 lb) of Moon rocks and conducted several surface experiments - which including seismic studies. During the 33 hours they spent on the Moon (9½ hours of which were dedicated to EVAs), Shepard famously hit two golf balls on the lunar surface with a makeshift club he had brought from Earth.

Apollo 15:

The seventh and eight men to walk on the Moon were David R. Scott, and James B. Irwin - the Commander and Lunar Module Pilot of the mission. This mission began on July 26th, 1971, and landed near Hadley rille - in an area of the Mare Imbrium called Palus Putredinus (Marsh of Decay) - on August 7th.

The mission was the first time a crew explored the lunar surface using a Lunar Vehicular Rover (LVR), which allowed them to travel farther and faster from the Lunar Module (LM) than was ever before possible. In the course of conducting multiple EVAs, the crew collected 77 kilograms (170 lb) of lunar surface material.

While in orbit, the crew also deployed a sub-satellite, and used it and the Scientific Instrument Module (SIM) to study the lunar surface with a panoramic camera, a gamma-ray spectrometer, a mapping camera, a laser altimeter, and a mass spectrometer. At the time, NASA hailed the mission as " the most successful manned flight ever achieved."

Apollo 16:

It was during the mission - the penultimate manned lunar mission - that the ninth and tenth men were to walk on the Moon. After launching from the Kennedy Space Center on April 16th, 1972, the mission arrived on the lunar surface by April 21st. Over the course of three days, Commander John Young and Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke conducted three EVAs, totaling 20 hours and 14 minutes on the lunar surface.

The mission was also the second occasion where an LVR was used, and Young and Duke collected 95.8 kilograms (211 lb) of lunar samples for return to Earth, while Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly orbited in the Command/Service Module (CSM) above to perform observations.

Apollo 16's landing spot in the highlands was chosen to allow the astronauts to gather geologically older lunar material than the samples obtained in the first four landings. Because of this, samples from the Descartes Cayley Formations disproved a hypothesis that the formations were volcanic in origin. The Apollo 16 crew also released a subsatellite from the Service Module before breaking orbit and returning to Earth, making splashdown by April 27th.

Apollo 17:

The last of the Apollo missions, and the final time astronauts would set foot on the moon, began at 12:33 am Eastern Standard Time (EST) on December 7th, 1972. The mission was crewed by Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans, and Harrison Schmitt - in the roles of Commander, Command Module Pilot and Lunar Module Pilot, respectively.

After reaching the lunar surface, Cernan and Schmitt conducted EVAs and became the eleventh and twelve men to walk on the lunar surface. The mission also broke several records set by previous flights, which included the longest manned lunar landing flight, the longest total lunar surface extravehicular activities, the largest lunar sample return, and the longest time in lunar orbit.

While Evans remained in lunar orbit above in the Command/Service Module (CSM), Cernan and Schmitt spent just over three days on the lunar surface in the Taurus-Littrow valley, conducting three periods of extra-vehicular activity with an LRV, collecting lunar samples and deploying scientific instruments. Cernan, After an approximately 12 day mission, Evans, and Schmitt returned to Earth.

Apollo 17 remains the most recent manned Moon mission and also the last time humans have traveled beyond low Earth orbit. Until such time as astronauts begin to go to the Moon again (or manned missions are made to Mars) these twelve men - Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, Charles "Pete" Conrad, Alan L. Bean, Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, John Young, Charles Duke, Eugene Cernan, and Harrison Schmitt - will remain the only human beings to ever walk on a celestial body other than Earth.

Universe today has many interesting articles on the Moon, such as the First Man On The Moon, The Most Famous Astronauts, and articles on Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Alan Shepard.

You should also check out the Moon landing and 35th anniversary of the Moon landing.

Astronomy Cast has a three part series on the Moon.

Reference:
NASA Apollo 11

Apollo astronauts, apollo missions, astronauts, Buzz Aldrin, first men on the moon, Moon, Neil Armstrong

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Who Were the First Men on the Moon? - Universe Today

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On July 20th, 1969, history was made when men walked on the Moon for the very first time. The result of almost a decade's worth of preparation, billions of dollars of investment, strenuous technical development and endless training, the Moon Landing was the high point of the Space Age and the single greatest accomplishment ever ...

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Knowledge of history always help in rectifying the problems faced in the projects of future and mistakes can be resolved.

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1. Do you think space technology is still advancing at a good rate after so much discoveries and inventions ?

2. Is life on mars a better option ?

3. Do you think lack of fund is a barrier for ISRO to work on their projects ?

4. Does the polictical issues affect space organisations working?

5. Do you think aeronautical engineering has a great potential ahead ?

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Aditya, What are the problems faced by the space organisations to achive their future goals ?

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Aditya, What are the problems faced by the space organisations to achive their future goals ?

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The history of the exploration of space in 4 and a half minutes. Music: M83 - Outro

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10 Historic Moments In Space Exploration

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10 Historic Moments In Space Exploration In anticipation of the Curiosity rover landing on Mars, we take a look back at 10 of the most unforgettable moments in space exploration.

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PM Narendra Modi's speech on the successful launch of PSLV C23 from Sriharikota

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PM Narendra Modi's speech on the successful launch of PSLV C23 from Sriharikota

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PM Narendra Modi's speech at the Launch of PSLV C23 from Sriharikota

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Uploaded by Narendra Modi on 2014-06-30.

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Countries that spent over 100 million PPP $ on space budget

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Countries that spent over 100 million PPP $ on space budget

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Should India spend money on space programmes or focus on country's malnourished population?

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Should India spend money on space programmes or focus on country's malnourished population?

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Every success of India's space programme is often followed by subtle criticism from the West.

Should a poor country that has the world's largest malnourished population waste money on space? If one analyses the per STATOISTICS capita expenditure on space programme it works out that, compared to its achievements in outer space, India's per capita expenditure is far lower than that of the West.

In 2013,the government's per capita expenditure on space was $3.3 at purchasing power parity-PPP rateabout 3 per cent of the per capita spent by the US per capita expenditure on space budget in million $-PPP.

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How does ISRO's "mangalyan"( Mars Orbiter Mission) ,compare with NASA's MAVEN?

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How does ISRO's "mangalyan"( Mars Orbiter Mission) ,compare with NASA's MAVEN?

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NEETU                                                           MARS ORBITER MISSION:INDIA'S GREAT SUCCESS IN SPACE

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NEETU                                                           MARS ORBITER MISSION:INDIA'S GREAT SUCCESS IN SPACE

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NASA is looking forward with anticipation to a new era of human spaceflight having countless possibilities in the coming years. This is expected to be achieved with the new developing technologies and innovative methods of transporting astronauts and cargo.

Here's a video that discusses the various plans proposed to travel and communicate across space.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zsf4NXcE4Qg

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* http://www.isro.gov.in/

*http://dos.gov.in/rep2014/Highlights.html

*http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report-space-exploration-in-2014-a-year-of-achievements-and-discoveries-2043370

*http://wlym.com/archive/fusion/fusionasia/19850101-fusionasia.pdf

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WATCH EXPLAINATORY VIDEO

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"Space and its Exploration: How Space is Explored". NASA.gov. Retrieved 2009-07-01.

"NASA Astrobiology". Astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 May 2012.

http://www.isro.gov.in/

"Upper Air Rocket Summary V-2 NO. 3".

https://www.youtube.com/

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SUMMARY OF History of Space Exploration             

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SUMMARY OF History of Space Exploration             

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Humans have dreamed about spaceflight since antiquity. The Chinese used rockets for ceremonial and military purposes centuries ago, but only in the latter half of the 20th century were rockets developed that were powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital velocities that could open space to human exploration.

As often happens in science, the earliest practical work on rocket engines designed for spaceflight occurred simultaneously during the early 20th century in three countries by three key scientists: in Russia, by Konstantin Tsiolkovski; in the United States, by Robert Goddard; and in Germany, by Hermann Oberth. Man on MoonIn the 1930s and 1940s Nazi Germany saw the possibilities of using long-distance rockets as weapons. Late in World War II, London was attacked by 200-mile-range V-2 missiles, which arched 60 miles high over the English Channel at more than 3,500 miles per hour. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union created their own missile programs. On October 4, 1957, the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into space. Four years later on April 12, 1961, Russian Lt. Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth in Vostok 1. His flight lasted 108 minutes, and Gagarin reached an altitude of 327 kilometers (about 202 miles). The first U.S. satellite, Explorer 1, went into orbit on January 31, 1958. In 1961 Alan Shepard became the first American to fly into space. On February 20, 1962, John Glenn’s historic flight made him the first American to orbit Earth. “Landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth within a decade” was a national goal set by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. On July 20, 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong took “a giant step for mankind” as he stepped onto the moon. Six Apollo missions were made to explore the moon between 1969 and 1972. During the 1960s unmanned spacecraft photographed and probed the moon before astronauts ever landed. By the early 1970s orbiting communications and navigation satellites were in everyday use, and the Mariner spacecraft was orbiting and mapping the surface of Mars. By the end of the decade, the Voyager spacecraft had sent back detailed images of Jupiter and Saturn, their rings, and their moons. Skylab, America’s first space station, was a human-spaceflight highlight of the 1970s, as was the Apollo Soyuz Test Project, the world’s first internationally crewed (American and Russian) space mission. In the 1980s satellite communications expanded to carry television programs, and people were able to pick up the satellite signals on their home dish antennas. Satellites discovered an ozone hole over Antarctica, pinpointed forest fires, and gave us photographs of the nuclear power-plant disaster at Chernobyl in 1986. Astronomical satellites found new stars and gave us a new view of the center of our galaxy. Space Shuttle Space Shuttle In April 1981 the launch of the space shuttle Columbia ushered in a period of reliance on the reusable shuttle for most civilian and military space missions. Twenty-four successful shuttle launches fulfilled many scientific and military requirements until January 1986, when the shuttle Challenger exploded after launch, killing its crew of seven. The Challenger tragedy led to a reevaluation of America’s space program. The new goal was to make certain a suitable launch system was available when satellites were scheduled to fly. Today this is accomplished by having more than one launch method and launch facility available and by designing satellite systems to be compatible with more than one launch system. The Gulf War proved the value of satellites in modern conflicts. During this war allied forces were able to use their control of the “high ground” of space to achieve a decisive advantage. Satellites were used to provide information on enemy troop formations and movements, early warning of enemy missile attacks, and precise navigation in the featureless desert terrain. The advantages of satellites allowed the coalition forces to quickly bring the war to a conclusion, saving many lives. Space systems will continue to become more and more integral to homeland defense, weather surveillance, communication, navigation, imaging, and remote sensing for chemicals, fires and other disasters. International Space Station International Space Station The International Space Station is a research laboratory in low Earth orbit. With many different partners contributing to its design and construction, this high-flying laboratory has become a symbol of cooperation in space exploration, with former competitors now working together. And while the space shuttle will likely continue to carry out important space missions, particularly supporting the International Space Station, the Columbia disaster in 2003 signaled the need to step up the development of its replacement. Future space launch systems will be designed to reduce costs and improve dependability, safety, and reliability. In the meantime most U.S. military and scientific satellites will be launched into orbit by a family of expendable launch vehicles designed for a variety of missions. Other nations have their own launch systems, and there is strong competition in the commercial launch market to develop the next generation of launch systems

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ADITYA IYER: How NASA Plans to Land Humans on Mars

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ADITYA IYER: How NASA Plans to Land Humans on Mars

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http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/2014/20141119-how-nasa-plans-mars.html?referrer=https://www.google.co.in/

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Mars One is a not for profit foundation with the goal of establishing a permanent human settlement on Mars. To prepare for this settlement the first unmanned mission is scheduled to depart in 2020. Crews will depart for their one-way journey to Mars starting in 2026; subsequent crews will depart every 26 months after the initial crew has left for Mars.

Here is a video that elaborates on the Mars One Project

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gV7LX0tLDw

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http://www.space.com/14291-photos-future-interstellar-starship-visions-spaceflight.html

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Automated Spacecraft

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national aeronautics and space administration

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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) automated spacecraft for solar system exploration come in many shapes and sizes. While they are designed to fulfill separate and specific mission objectives, the craft share much in common.

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Rocket History

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The earliest solid rocket fuel was a form of gunpowder, and the earliest recorded mention of gunpowder comes from China late in the third century before Christ.

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Introduction

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From our small world we have gazed upon the cosmic ocean for untold thousands of years. Ancient astronomers observed points of light that appeared to move among the stars.

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ADITYA IYER: Future of Space Exploration    

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ADITYA IYER: Future of Space Exploration    

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http://www.space.com/26010-future-of-human-space-exploration.html