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From the point of view of an intracellular bacteria, the human body really is no more than just a habitat in which they must grow and thrive. While this particular habitat might have stable internal conditions, and less competition than the big open world, it has its disadvantages in continuous attacks from the immune system, and the lack of usable nutrients. In the soil, nutrients can be found and exploited, but within a living organism they are being used and locked away by the host cells.

In order to eat, therefore, the internal bacteria must find ways of stealing and sequestering nutrients from the infected cells. A recent paper from, PLoS Pathogens (reference 1) shows how Salmonella infecting rat cells manage to find enough nutrients to grow and develop.

In order to explore what pathways the bacteria could use to intake nutrients, the researchers used both computational and in vitro experiments to look at proteins and genes suitable for metabolism. What they found was that following an infection the Salmonella was able to mobilise a large section of its genome in order to carry out metabolic reactions.

Rather than just concentrating on using one particular metabolite from the host cell (i.e having lots of pathways to metabolise glucose) the Salmonella was able to exploit a diverse range of host molecules, without preferring one to the other. Adding either glucose or mannitol to established Salmonella colonies caused an increase in growth. Figure A below shows a schematic of the nutrients being added to the cells, while figure B shows the results. The more CFU (colony forming units) found, the more growth was seen:

Further experiments, combined with the computational data, indicated that the Salmonella bacteria use a wide range of chemically diverse nutrients inside the host cell in order to grow; including different lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleosides, and various pro-vitamins. This does mean that the Salmonella requires a large number of genes to deal with nutrition, but on the plus side, once it gets into the cell it's far more likely to grow and survive with any small amount of food it can scavenge.

Why does Salmonella require such a large range of different metabolic pathways while other intracellular bacteria (including E.coli) are happier to rely on far few? One potential explanation given in the paper is due to the conditions in which Salmonella lives inside the host cell. In order to protect itself from attacks from the cells defence system, the bacteria stays safely wrapped up in a vacuole inside the cell. While this does stop the cell destroying it, it may make it harder for the bacteria to cannibalise available nutrients, meaning it has to have the capacity to utilise whatever it can get hold of.

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For more details on how Salmonella invades the host cell, along with a great animation, go here.
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Reference 1: Steeb B, Claudi B, Burton NA, Tienz P, Schmidt A, et al. (2013) Parallel Exploitation of Diverse Host Nutrients Enhances Salmonella Virulence. PLoS Pathog 9(4): e1003301. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003301

Reference 2: (2005) A Novel Data-Mining Approach Systematically Links Genes to Traits. PLoS Biol 3(5): e166. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030166

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How to eat your host: Pathways for nutrition in Salmonella

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From the point of view of an intracellular bacteria, the human body really is no more than just a habitat in which they must grow and thrive. While this particular habitat might have stable internal conditions, and less competition than the big open world, it has its disadvantages in continuous attacks from the immune system, and the lack of usable nutrients.

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To diagnose a S. typhimurium infection, a person's stool sample is often cultured. If salmonella bacteria grow the patient is said to be "culture confirmed".

They are also able to do PCR amplification of the invA gene sequence to help diagnose and infection. (Www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/089085089290002F)

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Most people recover without treatment, but if treatment is requested, the patient can take over the counter anti-diarrheals and other otc meds to help keep the patient comfortable.  Since dehydration is usually the biggest concern for patients, hydration is the best treatment.

If their infection is extremely severe or the bacteria leaves the GI tract and travels somewhere else, (such as the bloodstream) antibiotics may be needed.

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Application of genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium for interferon-gamma–induced therapy against melanoma

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Application of genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium for interferon-gamma–induced therapy against melanoma

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Application of genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium for interferon-gamma-induced therapy against melanoma

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Salmonella have been experimentally used as anti-cancer agents, because they show selective growth in tumours. In this study, we genetically modified ...

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Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment of Salmonella

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Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment of Salmonella

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The term Salmonella refers to a group of bacteria that cause Salmonella infection, or salmonellosis, in the intestinal tract.

Typhoid fever, food poisoning, gastroenteritis, enteric fever, and other illnesses are all types of Salmonella infection.

Salmonella poisoning is often linked to contaminated water or foods, especially meat, poultry, and eggs. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting, which tend to appear 12 to 72 hours after infection.

Most people recover after 4 to 7 days without treatment, but a person with severe diarrhea may need hospital treatment.

Apart from food and water, transmission has been linked to pet reptiles. From March through August 2017, a multistate outbreak of Salmonella affected at least 33 people in 13 states, of whom 16 were hospitalized and 12 were under 5 years of age. The outbreak was linked to contact with pet turtles.

Fast facts on salmonella

Here are some key points about salmonella. More detail is in the main article.

Salmonella poisoning affects around 1.4 million Americans each year and is responsible for almost half the bacterial infections in the United States (U.S.).

Infection mostly spreads through contaminated water and food.

Symptoms normally include chills, diarrhea, and fever.

The illness usually goes away on its own, but severe cases may need hospital treatment.

Prevention tips include regular handwashing, ensuring all food is well cooked and carefully stored, and not keeping pet reptiles in the home.

What is salmonella?

Salmonella causes a range of diseases, including gastroenteritis.

Salmonella are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacilli that can cause salmonellosis, a diarrheal illness in humans.

Gram-negative bacteria usually have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan, covered by a membrane.

There are over 2,300 subtypes of the Salmonella enterica bacterium, including serovars enterititis, Salmonella Agbeni, and typhimurium.

The bacteria live in the gut of infected humans and animals. Some animal and human strains can make humans sick.

Salmonella is a major cause of human bacterial infections in the United States (U.S.). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it affects around 1 million Americans every year, leading to 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths.

Symptoms

There are thousands of subtypes of Salmonella bacteria, but only about 12 that make people ill, usually with gastroenteritis.

Signs and symptoms of salmonella-induced gastroenteritis include:

Some people experience joint pain, known as reactive arthritis. It can last for months or years, and it can become chronic arthritis.

Causes

Salmonella bacteria live in the intestines of birds, animals, and humans. Most human infections are caused by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated by feces.

Foods most commonly infected are:

Uncooked meat, seafood and poultry: Contamination most commonly occurs during the slaughtering process. Harvesting seafood in contaminated waters is a common cause.

Uncooked eggs: Eggs from an infected chicken may contain bacteria. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimate that, every year, there are 79,000 cases of foodborne illness in the U.S., due to eating eggs containing salmonella. Raw eggs are found in some types of mayonnaise and homemade sauces.

Fruits and vegetables: These may be contaminated if they have been watered or washed in contaminated water. Fruits and vegetables can become contaminated if a person handles raw meat and then touches the fruit without washing their hands.

Other causes include:

Lack of hygiene: Common causes of contamination and infection include kitchen surfaces that are not kept clean, and not washing hands during food preparation, after using the bathroom, or after changing a baby's diapers. A person with contaminated hands can pass the infection on to other people by touching them, or by touching surfaces that others then touch.

Keeping pet reptiles or amphibians: Most reptiles and amphibians carry Salmonella in their gut without becoming ill. They shed the bacteria in their droppings. These can quickly spread onto their skin and then anything they come into contact with, including cages, toys, clothes, furniture, and household surfaces.
Pet reptiles should not be kept indoors if there are children under 5 years of age, pregnant women, older people, or people with a weakened immune system in the household.
Since 1975, the FDA have banned the sale and distribution of small turtles, because of the risk of Salmonella infection.

Risk factors

At the highest risk are children, older people, and and those with a weakened immune system, due, for example, to HIV or AIDs, cancer or cancer treatment, and some other conditions.

Young children should not be allowed to handle reptiles or chicks and young birds. Breastfeeding is the safest type of nutrition for young infants.

During pregnancy, complications include dehydration and bacteremia, or bacteria in the blood. This can lead to meningitis. Salmonella can also pass to the fetus. The infant may have diarrhea and fever after birth and a risk of developing meningitis.

Salmonella infection is more common in summer than in winter.

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about symptoms, any other existing conditions, changes in diet or food preparation habits, contact with pets, and travel destinations to try to find out the cause of the problem.

Diarrhea and vomiting are normally a clear indication of gastroenteritis.

Blood and stool tests can help determine the cause of infection.

Treatment

Symptoms of Salmonella-induced gastroenteritis normally disappear without treatment after around a week.

Fluid: The patient needs to take plenty of fluid to prevent dehydration.

Antibiotics: These may not help in uncomplicated gastroenteritis. The doctor may prescribe them if symptoms are severe, or if bacteria have entered or could enter the bloodstream. Using antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance and the risk of the infection returning.

Antimotility drugs: These can stop diarrhea. They reduce cramping, but they may cause the diarrhea to last longer.

Prevention

Good hygiene is key to preventing salmonella infection.

Handwashing tips

Handwashing is important to prevent the spread of disease.

Washing hands frequently with soap and warm water or using hand sanitizer. This is especially important:

before preparing or eating food

after using the bathroom

after changing a baby's diapers

after touching pets and other animals

after gardening

Food handling tips

When dealing with food:

Keep cooked and raw foods separate.

Store raw foods in a fridge on the shelves below ready-to-eat foods.

Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.

Cook food through, especially meats and eggs.

Keep all cooking utensils and work surfaces clean.

Regularly replace used dishcloths with clean ones.

Avoid drinking untreated water, for example, from streams, rivers, and lakes.

Salmonella can live for some time in different kinds of food. In 2015, researchers found that the bacteria can live in sandwich cookies and crackers for at least 6 months.

Egg safety

When buying eggs, consumers should make sure they come from a supplier that keeps them refrigerated, and store them at a maximum of 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius). Any cracked or dirty eggs should be thrown away.

The FDA require any boxes of eggs that have not been treated for salmonella by pasteurization to carry this warning:

"Safe Handling Instructions: To prevent illness from bacteria: keep eggs refrigerated, cook eggs until yolks are firm, and cook foods containing eggs thoroughly."

The FDA offer detailed advice on how to store eggs, how long to keep them, and so on.

Pets

Do not keep pet reptiles or amphibians inside the house if there are older people, pregnant women, very young children, or people with weakened immune systems in the household.

What to do if someone has salmonella poisoning

If somebody in the household becomes infected with Salmonella:

wash all dirty clothes, bedding, and towels in the washing machine at the hottest setting possible

thoroughly clean toilet seats, toilet bowls, all handles in the bathroom, basins and taps after use, with a detergent and hot water, followed by a household disinfectant

If the person has a high fever, they should see a doctor. Older people, infants, and people with a compromised immune system are more at risk of a severe infection.

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Salmonella: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

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The term Salmonella refers to a group of bacteria that cause Salmonella infection, or salmonellosis, in the intestinal tract. Typhoid fever, food poisoning, gastroenteritis, enteric fever, and other illnesses are all types of Salmonella infection. Salmonella poisoning is often linked to contaminated water or foods, especially meat, poultry, and eggs.

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Salmonella bacteria cause and use inflammation in the gut to outgrow other

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Salmonella bacteria cause and use inflammation in the gut to outgrow other

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How to eat your host: Pathways for nutrition in Salmonella

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How to eat your host: Pathways for nutrition in Salmonella

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https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/lab-rat/how-to-eat-your-host-pathways-for-nutrition-in-salmonella/

In order to eat, therefore, the internal bacteria must find ways of stealing and sequestering nutrients from the infected cells. A recent paper from, PLoS Pathogens (reference 1) shows how Salmonella infecting rat cells manage to find enough nutrients to grow and develop.

In order to explore what pathways the bacteria could use to intake nutrients, the researchers used both computational and in vitro experiments to look at proteins and genes suitable for metabolism. What they found was that following an infection the Salmonella was able to mobilise a large section of its genome in order to carry out metabolic reactions.

Rather than just concentrating on using one particular metabolite from the host cell (i.e having lots of pathways to metabolise glucose) the Salmonella was able to exploit a diverse range of host molecules, without preferring one to the other. Adding either glucose or mannitol to established Salmonella colonies caused an increase in growth.

Further experiments, combined with the computational data, indicated that the Salmonella bacteria use a wide range of chemically diverse nutrients inside the host cell in order to grow; including different lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleosides, and various pro-vitamins. This does mean that the Salmonella requires a large number of genes to deal with nutrition, but on the plus side, once it gets into the cell it's far more likely to grow and survive with any small amount of food it can scavenge.

Salmonella lives inside the host cell. In order to protect itself from attacks from the cells defence system, the bacteria stays safely wrapped up in a vacuole inside the cell. While this does stop the cell destroying it, it may make it harder for the bacteria to cannibalise available nutrients, meaning it has to have the capacity to utilise whatever it can get hold of.

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Salmonella Typhimurium
Gram stain - Negative

Description - It's a cylindrical rod, the size is about 2 microns by 0.5 microns which is much smaller then the cells in a human. Humans can get salmonella poison by eating some tomatoes, eggs, and peanut butter that might have salmonella in it. In humans the growth causes gastroenteritis. Illness usually begins by nausea and vomiting.

How salmonella typhimurium attacks and spreads - Attacks by getting injected in the mouth by something that a person ate. You can get it from uncooked food, dirty food, or if hot food becomes warm and stays warm for a long time. Then the Salmonella will spread through your mouth into your body and make a person sick.

Common victims to prey upon - Any person can get Salmonella poison but it's mostly the young and old people.

Where can you find Salmonella Typhimurium? - Usually found at a public restaurant by food that is bad. Although, you can also find it in a place like a dirty bathroom.

Injury done to victim - The most common injury that happens to a victim is vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Most people go with out the sickness being treated. You just need to let it come out of your body and let it do its own thing. There is no vaccination you can get from Salmonella.

Is Salmonella armed and dangerous and degree of damage? - Yes, Salmonella is considered to be armed and dangerous because people have died from it. There was recently a recall on peanut butter because of Salmonella being it in. The degree of damage is really bad because 1.4 million people get it in America a year. All of those people don't die from it, but they still get sick from it.

Number of victims - Almost 400 people die from Salmonella per year.

Effective weapons - Cook beef and eggs until completely done. Washing hands and surfaces thoroughly. Be careful and make sure that food for infants and the elderly is completely cooked.

Identifying characteristics - Salmonella is found in many different foods so you cannot see it because it's a bacteria inside the food such as eggs. You can also find Salmonella in a bathroom; it's so small that the naked eye will not be able to see it.

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I've shared a link, which is an article about a strain of Salmonella Typhimurium and the diseases it will cause in humans.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiWt4OLw_jSAhULtI8KHUbjCQMQFggdMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3323380%2F&usg=AFQjCNGqd9wQtoFp_2QbTe9qCagfz1bT6A&sig2=gwKBLnM1xCXUwzv6R7e6DA