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Video explanation

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Video

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Links to quizzes

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Modal Auxiliaries, Modals - Grammar Exercises - Learning English

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Modal Auxiliaries, Modals - Learning English

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Have to, must, need - Grammar reference

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When do we use must, have to, mustn't and needn't - Examples and tips

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Have to, must, can

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Practise using must, have to, don't have to and mustn't for obligation

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Grammar reference and quiz

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Have to, must, should

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Grammar videos | LearnEnglish Teens - British Council

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© British Council The United Kingdom's international organisation for cultural relations and educational opportunities. A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland).

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News report (with have to and must)

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Do you put on weight during the holidays? Is there an easy way to get rid of those extra kilos?

Listen to this week's News Report to find out, and to hear examples of must and have to in action. If you need extra help, there's a transcript to read while you listen - or if you're feeling brave, listen without the transcript.

After you've listened, why not try being a newsreader yourself? Read the transcript out loud, record yourself and play it back. Try to copy the pronunciation of the newsreader - especially when she says phrases with must and have to.

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BBC Learning English - Course: lower intermediate / Unit 5 / Session 4 / Activity 5

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Do you put on weight during the holidays? Is there an easy way to get rid of those extra kilos? Listen to this week's News Report to find out, and to hear examples of must and have to in action.

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Formal vs informal: have to vs have got to

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You've got to read this

In informal British English, we sometimes use have got to instead of have to.

We have to change the engine oil.

We've got to change the engine oil.

And in even more informal English we sometimes don't even say the have - so it becomes just got to. You might see this in text messages and on social media, for example:

And there's one more way to say this: gotta. It's the most informal of all these forms.

Play the audio to hear Finn saying these example sentences out loud. Practise by reading them aloud with him.

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BBC Learning English - Course: lower intermediate / Unit 5 / Session 3 / Activity 4

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In informal British English, we sometimes use have got to instead of have to. We have to change the engine oil. We've got to change the engine oil. And in even more informal English we sometimes don't even say the have - so it becomes just got to.

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Have to and must - grammar reference

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If you have to do something, it is necessary for you to do it. It's a law, an obligation or a fact.
You have to get a visa if you want to go to Russia.
According to our agreement, we have to send these orders to our client today.
I have to go to the doctor later today.
If you must do something, it is necessary for you to do it, but this is often your opinion or a rule that you have made yourself.
All students must be at the examination hall fifteen minutes before the exam.
I must remember to buy a birthday card for Alice today.

We see must (not have to) in formal written notices or rules that an organization has made itself.

We can often use either have to or must in a sentence. But be careful! There a big difference in meaning between don't have to and mustn't.If you don't have to do something, it isn't necessary to do it, but you can if you want.

You don't have to finish the spreadsheet today. Tomorrow will be fine.

If you mustn't do something, it means 'don't do it'. It is necessary not to do it.

Employees mustn't send passwords by email.

I mustn't make any mistakes this time.

Form

We use have to / must + infinitive without 'to'. Must is the same form for all persons ( I, you, he, she, etc.). Have to changes to has to in the third person singular ( he, she, it).
Negative
You don't have to take a towel. The swimming pool provides them.
They're expecting us to call so we mustn't forget.

Karen has to get up at six every day in order to get to work on time.
It's too late now. You'll have to talk toher tomorrow.
All the trains were cancelled, so we had to get a taxi.
Did you have to write it all again?
You must drive more carefully or you will have an accident.

It is possible to ask questions with Must + subject...? but it is much more common to use Do/Does + subject + have to...?
to the meeting tomorrow? ( Must I come to the meeting tomorrow?)

Take note: the future and the past

There is no future or past form of must. We use will have to (future)and had to (past).

Take note: have got to

In informal British English, we sometimes use have got to instead of have to. They mean the same.

You've got to get a visa if you want to go to Russia.

Spoken English

Have to and must are modal verbs. When we say modal verbs, we usually say them quickly and often without emphasis. So have to sounds like 'hafta'(haf tə). Must sounds like 'mus' (məs). You don't hear the final /t/ sound in must.

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BBC Learning English - Course: lower intermediate / Unit 5 / Grammar Reference

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If you have to do something, it is necessary for you to do it. It's a law, an obligation or a fact. You have to get a visa if you want to go to Russia. According to our agreement, we have to send these orders to our client today.

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Have to and must - all forms

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Finn
Hi this is Finn and I'm joined in the studio today by Jagtar. Hello Jagtar.

Jagtar
Hello Finn.

Finn
How are you?

Jagtar
I'm very well, thank you. You?

Finn
Great, yes. Good to have you here. Can you tell me a little bit about yourself and what you do?

Jagtar
I'm an English language teacher. I work at Crisis, which is a homeless charity in London. I've taught English now for seven years, in different countries: Australia, Thailand and Egypt.

Finn
Ok, great. And there's something very interesting about your diet?

Jagtar
Yes. I'm vegan. And so I don't eat meat, fish, poultry, or any cheese, or any honey.

Finn
None of that at all... no eggs?

Jagtar
No eggs unfortunately.

Finn
No animal products at all?

Jagtar
No animal products at all, and I don't wear animal products at all.

Finn
Really?

Jagtar
I've been vegan for three and a half years now. And it's also how I met my wife.

Finn
You met your wife through your vegan diet? Wow, tell me about that.

Jagtar
Well, we met at a vegan cafe in Hackney.

Finn
Which is in East London.

Jagtar
In East London. And so we met there, and then we stayed in contact, and from that we dated, and so we got married last year. Actually, it's our one-year anniversary next week.

Finn
Congratulations, that sounds incredible. But becoming vegan must have meant you made a lot of changes to your diet. What changes did you have to make?

Well I had to go out and buy lots of soya milk, soya butters. I had to change what was in my fridge. So unfortunately that day I had to throw away quite a lot of stuff.

Finn
Oh no.

Jagtar
Or my brother just ate it, I think.

Finn
I hope he enjoyed it. The last meat and animal products in your house. Ok, let's imagine I want to become vegan. Is that good news?

Jagtar
Yes, it's great!

And... what will I have to do if I want to become vegan tomorrow?

Good question. What you absolutely have to do is make sure you're going vegan for the right reasons. You must read extensively; look at all the blogs and books and websites, and find out as much as you possibly can about veganism. Because it's not only about the diet, it's about minimising your ecological footprint, and also animal rights issues, as well as other issues. So you have to do it for all of those reasons rather than just following a famous celebrity.

Ok - thanks for all of your tips. Is there anything you must or mustn't do if you want to go vegan?

In my experience, what you mustn't do is talk about veganism when eating with friends and family.

Finn
Oh right.

Jagtar
Yeah. People are there enjoying their food.

Finn
You don't want them to feel bad.

Jagtar
No, because we're in a restaurant and we're celebrating a birthday and having a nice time, and those conversations can be left to a different time.

Is there anything else that you mustn't do?

Well you mustn't forget to inform people that you're vegan. So for example, if you're invited to a party, inform the host that you're vegan. Because otherwise if you don't, the host will be incredibly embarrassed that you can't eat anything. And also - you'll be hungry!

Finn
That's not much of a dinner party is it, if you have nothing to eat. And anything else?

Jagtar
I think instead of preaching to all your friends and family all the time, I think the best thing to do is to lead by example. As actions speak louder than words.

Finn
Very wise words, thank you Jagtar and... who knows, maybe I will become vegan too. Thanks a lot.

Jagtar
Thank you.

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BBC Learning English - Course: lower intermediate / Unit 5 / Session 4 / Activity 1

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Finn Hi this is Finn and I'm joined in the studio today by Jagtar. Hello Jagtar. Jagtar Hello Finn. Finn How are you? Jagtar I'm very well, thank you. You? Finn Great, yes. Good to have you here. Can you tell me a little bit about yourself and what you do?

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Have to and must - past and future

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Hi Aunt Jude, it's Sarah.

John had a car crash yesterday. He's alright. He wasn't badly hurt, but he had to go to A&E because he banged his head and he was feeling kind of dizzy.

Nothing to worry about. He's okay. But, unfortunately that means that we've got to stay home this weekend ...

Auntie, I'm really sorry, but we'll have to miss the family reunion this time. Give me a call when you can. Bye!

Hi Mum, it's Dan. We're going to be late, I'm afraid. First we had to stop at the petrol station... And the little oil light came on, so we've got to change the engine oil too. Anyway... it's annoying... but we should be there by 3. See you then!

Hi, it's Brian. I'm almost with you. I didn't have to go to the meeting today, so I won't be late. See you soon!

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BBC Learning English - Course: lower intermediate / Unit 5 / Session 3 / Activity 1

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Hi Aunt Jude, it's Sarah. John had a car crash yesterday. He's alright. He wasn't badly hurt, but he had to go to A&E because he banged his head and he was feeling kind of dizzy. Nothing to worry about. He's okay. But, unfortunately that means that we've got to stay home this weekend ...

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Finn
Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute Grammar with me, Finn.

Alice
And me, Alice. Hello.

Alice
Have to and must. We'll look at what they mean...

Finn
We'll find out how to use them in sentences...

Alice
We'll have a pronunciation tip...

Finn
And we'll do some practice with a quiz.

Catherine
I have to leave work early today.

I must leave work early today.

Catherine
My doctor says I have to lose weight.

If you go to Russia, you have to get a visa.

Catherine
I'm putting on weight. I must join a gym.

I haven't spoken to my sister this week. I must give her a call.

Catherine
When you go to Germany, you must try Bratwurst. It's delicious!

Catherine
Visitors must wash their hands before leaving the ward.

Catherine
In the UK, you don't have to drink alcohol in pubs.

Catherine
You mustn't eat meat that's old.

Finn
In other words: don't eat meat that's old - it could make you ill.

Alice
So - we can use mustn't for both rules, and personal recommendations. Catherine.

Catherine
You mustn't forget to call your sister!

Passengers must not speak to the driver while the bus is moving.

IDENT
You're listening to BBC Learning English dot com.

Finn
And we're talking about must and have to. Now, a quick word about tenses.

Yes: it's important to note that we don't use must in the future or the past. Instead, it's will have to for the future and had to for the past. Catherine.

Catherine
You must talk to your doctor. You'll have to see her tomorrow.

You didn't have to answer all the questions in yesterday's exam, but you must answer all the questions in today's exam.

Finn
Now: time for that pronunciation tip we promised you.

Catherine
I have to go to the doctor.

I must join a gym.

So have to sounds like hafta: I have to [hafta] go to the doctor. Hafta.

And must sounds like ' mus' without the final 't' sound: I 'musjoin' a gym. ' Mus'.

Alice
So listen out for those sounds in our quiz.

Alice
And that's a personal recommendation.

Finn
That's right... number 2. Again, is this a rule or is it a personal recommendation? You mustn't smoke in the building.

Alice
No smoking in the buildings - that's a rule.

Finn
That's right. Number 3. I'm going to say a sentence in the present tense, and you have to put it into the past. Here goes: I must have a cup of tea!

Alice
And in the past it's: I had to have a cup of tea.

Finn Well done if you got all those right!

All
Bye.

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BBC Learning English - Course: lower intermediate / Unit 5 / Session 2 / Activity 5

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Finn Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute Grammar with me, Finn. Alice And me, Alice. Hello. Alice Have to and must. We'll look at what they mean... Finn We'll find out how to use them in sentences... Alice We'll have a pronunciation tip... Finn And we'll do some practice with a quiz.