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These should answer the following for the designer/instructor: Where is the unit going, and what is expected? Where are the students coming from? Do these hook all the students and hold their interest? Are they equipped? Do the students have the opportunity to rethink and revise their understandings and work? Can students evaluate their work? These should be tailored to different learning needs, interests and abilities and be organized for engaged and effective learning.

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This is a collateral demonstration of skills or knowledge, wherein the student can perform mastery, in addition to the performance task in designed learning experience.

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The core concepts, principles, theories, and processes that should serve as the focal point of curricula, instruction, and assessment. By definition, these are important and enduring. These are transferable beyond the scope of a particular unit (e.g., adaptations, allegory, the American Dream, significant figures).

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These can include content standards, course or program objectives, or learning outcomes.

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An insight into ideas, people, situations, and processes manifested in various appropriate performances. To understand is to make sense of what one knows, to be able to know why it’s so, and to have the ability to use it in various situations and contexts.

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This uses one's knowledge to effectively act or bring to fruition a complex product that reveals one's knowledge and expertise. Music recitals, oral presentations, art displays, and auto mechanic  competitions are examples of these. This differs from multiple choice or short-answer tests. This, rather, requires the student to put it all together in the context of ill-structured, nonroutine, or unpredictable problems or challenges.

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A question that lies at the heart of a subject or a curriculum (as opposed to being either trivial or leading), and promotes inquiry and uncoverage of a subject. It doesn’t yield a single straightforward answer (as a leading question does) but produces different plausible responses, about which thoughtful and knowledgeable people may disagree. Tit can be either overarching or topical (unit-specific) in scope.