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This case study explores the background and bases for Sudan's two civil wars (1955-1972 and 1983-2005), which pitted the powerful Muslim Arabs in the North against the Christian and indigenous Black Africans of the South. The case study addresses four primary questions: What are the historical origins of the conflict in Sudan?

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link about war and camps
(Regen)

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The number of refugees from South Sudan has passed one million after renewed violence in July forced thousands to flee to neighbouring countries, creating one of the world's worst humanitarian disasters, according to the United Nations.

South Sudan, the world's youngest nation, has now joined "Syria, Afghanistan and Somalia as countries which have produced more than a million refugees", Leo Dobbs, spokesman for the UN refugee agency, the UNHCR, said on Friday.

"This is a very sad milestone," he added.

"Most of those fleeing South Sudan are women and children. They include survivors of violent attacks, sexual assault, children that have been separated from their parents or travelled alone, the disabled, the elderly and people in need of urgent medical care," he said.

Number of S.Sudanese #refugees passes 1 million, including almost 200,000 since fresh fighting erupted in July. https://t.co/XFmxQPwMIE
- Leo Dobbs (@LDUNHCR) September 16, 2016

About 185,000 people have fled the country since early July, when fierce fighting flared in the capital Juba, between supporters of President Salva Kiir and Riek Machar, then-vice president.

Both civilians and foreigners, including aid workers, were targeted in the July chaos by soldiers who raped women and girls, conducted mock executions and forced people at one hotel compound to watch as they executed a local journalist.

That fighting "has shattered hopes for a real breakthrough and triggered new waves of displacement and suffering", Dobbs said. More than 1.6 million people were displaced within the country, he added.

South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011, but civil war erupted two years later when Kiir accused Machar of plotting a coup.

A peace deal reached a year ago under international pressure has been violated repeatedly by fighting, and Machar fled the country in recent weeks.

Refugees and kleptocrats

According the the UN, neighbouring Uganda hosts the largest number of South Sudanese refugees, more than 373,000, and more than 20,000 arrived there just in the past week.

Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Central African Republic also have received tens of thousands of people fleeing.

"Many refugees arrive exhausted after days walking in the bush and going without food or water. Many children have lost one or both of their parents," Dobbs said.

South Sudan's landmark one million refugees comes in a week that the country's leaders were accused of amassing a huge fortune at the expense of the state.

The Sentry Group, founded by US actor George Clooney and rights activist John Prendergast, alleged on Monday that President Kiir, Machar and those close to them had looted state coffers, accumulated luxury homes and cars, and enriched themselves and family members through stakes in oil and other business ventures.

In its report, the US-based watchdog said the leaders and their families "often live in multimillion-dollar mansions outside the country, stay in five-star hotels, reap the benefits of what appears to be a system of nepotism and shady corporate deals, and drive around in luxury cars".

Responding to the allegations, presidential spokesman Ateny Wek Ateny said they were "completely rubbish" and legal action would be taken against the Sentry group.

The watchdog's report also implicated international banks, businesses, arms brokers, property companies and lawyers in "knowingly or unknowingly facilitating the violent kleptocracy that South Sudan has become".

SOURCE: Al Jazeera News And Agencies

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UN: One million refugees have fled South Sudan

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The number of refugees from South Sudan has passed one million after renewed violence in July forced thousands to flee to neighbouring countries, creating one of the world's worst humanitarian disasters, according to the United Nations.

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(miller)

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When you make a gift to UNICEF USA, you'll join us in our mission to fight for the survival and development of all children. As a valued member of our online community, you will receive our monthly eNews and occasional updates about UNICEF's child survival programs and emergency relief efforts in times of natural disasters.

U.S. Fund for UNICEF d/b/a UNICEF USA

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Breaking: Famine declared in South Sudan.

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An entire generation is at stake in South Sudan. The world's youngest country has been devastated by civil war, poverty and climate shock. This means hunger, disease, trafficking and the loss of schooling - jeopardizing the lives and futures of 5.8 million kids.

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see whats happening in Sudan (miller)

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Independence

On July 9, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan was born, ending more than five decades of war and two civil wars between the peoples of southern Sudan and the government in Khartoum. Southerners-mostly Christian and animist-fought against rule by the north and the imposition of Arabic language and culture.

The wars claimed two million lives and continued until 2005, when the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was signed between Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir and then-leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) John Garang. Brokered by the United States, whose government and grassroots advocacy community had long supported southern independence, the CPA included a provision that gave citizens of South Sudan the opportunity to vote whether to remain part of Sudan or to break off and become an independent country.

Some feared that the referendum or full separation from Sudan would reignite violence between the north and the south. Despite the fears, and with support from the international community, a peaceful referendum was held in January 2011, and the citizens of South Sudan voted overwhelmingly for independence.

Ethnic Conflict and War

A political crisis that began in 2013 erupted into a large-scale civil conflict that has taken on an ethnic cast, as Dinka militias and supporters of the president, Salva Kiir, have battled Nuer forces loyal to former Vice President Riek Machar. Forces on both sides have targeted civilians based on their ethnic identity-using murder, rape, assault, and torture.

The regional Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) brokered a power-sharing agreement in August 2015 with support from the United States and other members of the international community. The agreement fell apart after renewed clashes between the army and the Sudan People's Liberation Army-in-Opposition (SPLA/IO) erupted in the capital, Juba, in July 2016. The violence prompted Machar, the opposition leader, to flee the country and fighting spread to previously unaffected areas.

According to the United Nations, the conflict has resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people and displaced more than four million, as of March 2018. More than two million have fled across international borders to Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other countries in the region.

Fears of Genocide

From the start of the violence in 2013, civilians have been targeted along ethnic lines. In 2016, UN Special Adviser for the Prevention of Genocide Adama Dieng said the escalation of such violence created a strong risk of "the potential for genocide."

Violence Propels Famine

Conflict in South Sudan has contributed to rising extreme hunger throughout the country. In some instances, levels of hunger have been so severe as to be classified by international humanitarian agencies as famine. Armed violence has scared many away from farming, notably in the Equatoria region, the country's southwestern "breadbasket." Lack of rain and high food prices have also contributed to extreme food insecurity.

Many parts of the country are cut off from receiving adequate food aid and medical attention due to insecurity. UN Food and Agriculture Organization Director of Emergencies Dominique Burgeon noted in June 2017, "The only way to stop this desperate situation is to stop the conflict, ensure unimpeded access and enable people to resume their livelihoods."

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On July 9, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan was born, ending more than five decades of war and two civil wars between the peoples of southern Sudan and the government in Khartoum. Southerners-mostly Christian and animist-fought against rule by the north

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link about salva's life

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Salva Dut was born in a rural village in southwestern Sudan to the Dinka tribe. At 11 years old, the Sudanese Civil War reached his village and separated Salva from his family. He joined thousands of boys, famously known as the Lost Boys of Sudan, on their journey by foot to seek safety in refugee camps in Ethiopia and Kenya. After living in refugee camps for 10 years, Salva was given the opportunity to move to the United States, where he was embraced by a family in Rochester, New York. Several years later, Salva learned that his father was still alive in Southern Sudan but was suffering with a disease caused by waterborne parasites. His father's illness inspired Salva to help both his father and his country by bringing clean water to those in need. This was the beginning of Water for South Sudan.

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Salva Dut was born in a rural village in southwestern Sudan to the Dinka tribe. At 11 years old, the Sudanese Civil War reached his village and separated Salva from his family. He joined thousands of boys, famously known as the Lost Boys of Sudan, on their journey by foot to seek safety in refugee camps in Ethiopia and Kenya.

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in case you don't know about Sudan here are some interesting facts (Regen)

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Sudan Travel Guide | National Geographic

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National Geographic's latest travel stories about Sudan