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List down the words/ Vocabulary that comes in your mind related to the topic -Genetically Modified organism

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Add specific details in one or 2 sentences with each word you listed.

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Explain and write on the line in a short sentence how the words/ ideas are connected.

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Add new ideas/information that expand, or add to your initial knowledge.

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G + S
Ligase - enzyme called molecular glue which is used to join the two DNA strands by forming phosphodiester bond Restriction enzyme - enzymes called molecular scissors which is essential for making internal cuts in a DNA molecule on vector at specific sites.
recombinant DNA - DNA strand that has combined desired gene and plasmid
plasmid - a vector isolated from E.COli that is double stranded, self-replicating and a circular form of DNA molecule present in bacteria which is widely used as a gene cloning vector
isolation of desired gene - the first step in DNA technology  sticky ends - cut by the enzyme in the vector that creates single stranded unpaired regions of DNA.
Identification of desired gene - identifying the gene that produces the desired trait
vector - in DNA technolgy, E.Coli is often used as a vector  transformation - process of intorducing recombinant vector into a suitable host like bacteria
translation + transcription - processes that lead to formation of protein product encoded by the gene of interest endonuclease

E: Corn

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crispr
soy bean:
GMO soybeans made up 94% of all soybeans planted in 2018

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potato

Vocabs to take note

RNAi is short for “RNA interference” and it refers to a phenomenon where small pieces of RNA can shut down protein translation by binding to the messenger RNAs that code for those proteins. RNA interference is a natural process with a role in the regulation of protein synthesis and in immunity.

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) plays essential functions in many biological processes, including the activation of innate immune responses and RNA interference. dsRNA also represents the genetic entity of some viruses and is a hallmark of infections by positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses.

The Genetically Modified Potato

Potatoes have a gene that causes them to bruise when damaged. In these new GMO potatoes, that gene has been silenced so it cannot be expressed. The potato still gets damaged, but the symptoms are hidden from view—and from the consumer. This is not the only modification made to these potatoes; they have also been altered to produce lower levels of acrylamide when cooked.

The GMO potato has been engineered through a method of gene silencing called RNA interference (RNAi). This genetic engineering technique results in a potato that hides the symptoms of blackspot bruising rather than preventing it. Currently, GMO potatoes are being marketed under the Simplot Innate brand, most commonly found under the trademark White Russet. The Non-GMO Project’s full-time research team has kept a watchful eye on these potatoes since their debut and continues to monitor their presence in the North American food supply.

To understand RNA interference, it is important to know that messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic instructions from the cell nucleus out to other parts of a cell. RNAi begins when a different type of RNA (dsRNA) is placed inside a cell. The dsRNA gets cut up by enzymes, paired up with proteins, and then ends up binding to a specific target site where it fits on the mRNA. This can prevent the mRNA from delivering all of its instructions, effectively “silencing” the desired gene. In the potato’s case, the gene being silenced is the one that causes browning.

Risk: These can cause numerous health issues, including nausea, vomiting and neurological effects.

Benefits: GMO Potato can help to cut pesticide use by up to 90 Percent. They may also contain more nutrients, are grown with fewer pesticides, and are usually cheaper than their non-GMO counterparts.

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GMO cotton was developed to be resistant to bollworms and was instrumental in the revival of the Alabama cotton industry. GMO cotton is not only utilized to generate cottonseed oil, which is used in packaged goods and many restaurants for frying, but it also supplies a consistent source of cotton for the textile sector. Cottonseed meal and hulls containing GMOs are also utilized in animal feed.

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Biotechnology (or Biotech)
Chromosome

Conventional BreedingSee Cross-Breeding

CRISPRA

Cross-Breeding
Deliberately inter-breeding (crossing)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Derived from Bioengineering

Enzyme

Gene

Gene Editing

Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA (GMO) and Gene Editing.
Genetic Trait

Genome

Genome Editing

GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)

Mutagen

Mutagenesis

Non-GMO

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Rain, Jocelyn, Jessie and Kaustav-TOMATO

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Rain, Jocelyn, Jessie and Kaustav-TOMATO

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Delayed ripening
improved nutrition
Insect resistant crops
Agriculture biotechnology
biopharming
clone
cross pollination
gene flow
gene expression
genetically engineered organism
genomics
genomic library
Biotechnology
Chromosome

Conventional BreedingSee Cross-Breeding

Cross-Breeding
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Enzyme

Gene

Gene Editing

Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA (GMO)
Genetic Trait

Genome

Genome Editing

GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)

Mutagen

Non-GMO

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GMO potatoes have been engineered to be resistant to insect pests and disease. Furthermore, certain GMO potato types have been designed to resist bruising and browning, which can occur when potatoes are packaged, stored, transported, or even chopped in the kitchen. While browning the potato does not affect its quality, it sometimes leads to food being thrown away unnecessarily because people incorrectly assume browned food is damaged.

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connie and co.

Genetic modification tool from bacteria--when they are infected by viruses, they can insert parts of viral dna into their own genome. When similar sequences are encountered, bacteria can cut viral DNA using enzyme called cas-9

Scientists adapted the method to modify genomes-- recognition of particular dna sequence can be cut out by cas-9. genes of interest can then be introduced into the organism, creating GMOs

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Rain Jocelyn Jessie and Kaustav (elaboration)

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Rain Jocelyn Jessie and Kaustav (elaboration)

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The GMO tomato
Different plants and fruits have different amounts of pigments which serve different purposes and influence the nutrition content of the plant. The GMO tomato contains higher levels of purple pigments – and also higher levels of anthocyanins, an antioxidant, which can slow down cardiovascular diseases and fight cancer
This increase in anthocyanin resulted from a gene transfer from a snapdragon plant to the tomato, thus improving the nutrition content of the plant. In a study, the purple GMO tomato improved the lifespan of cancer-suseptible mice for over 30 percent

another variety of tomato that has been genetically engineered to produce large quantities of potentially health-boosting compounds—including flavanols and anthocyanins

A single tomato of the new variety contains the same amount of resveratrol as 50 bottles of red wine, or the same amount of genistein (a compound found in soy beans that is thought to have health benefits) as 2.5kg of tofu. As tomato plants grow quickly and produce a lot of fruit, farming this new variety could be a way to produce these nutrients in industrial quantities much more cheaply than synthesising them chemically, or extracting small amounts from other plant sources.

The variety was made by introducing a gene from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana—called AtMYB12—into the tomato genome.  The gene codes for a transcription factor that binds to the promoter regions of genes encoding various metabolic enzymes. When AtMYB12 is introduced into tomato plants, it switches on metabolic pathways that shift the plant’s energy and carbon pathways towards the production of flavonols and phenylpropanoids as the fruit develops.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-modified-tomatoes-churn-out-healthy-nutrients/#:~:text=The%20variety%20was%20made%20by,genes%20encoding%20various%20metabolic%20enzymes.

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Tomatoes are an excellent source of vitamin C and other antioxidants. With these components, tomatoes can help combat the formation of free radicals.

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These beans typically have herbicide-resistant genes inserted into their genetic structure so that farmers can use herbicides to destroy invasive weeds without harming the soybean plant. These versatile beans may then be used for animal feed, pressed into soybean oil, or added as ingredients in foods like tofu. Due to the biotechnology that is used in soybeans, farmers often see an increased yield and lower loss from damage to the beans, which means more supply and more opportunities to feed people.

Most soy grown in the United States is GMO soy. Most GMO soy is used for food for animals, predominantly poultry and livestock, and making soybean oil. It is also used as ingredients (lecithin, emulsifiers, and proteins) in processed foods.

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Improved nutrition :, the concentration of pro-vitamin A  was increased by adding a bacterial gene encoding phytoene desaturase .

For example : recently, scientists created tomatoes that have increased the production of  anthocyanin : purple tomato :  The purple tomato  contains higher levels of anthocyanins which is  an antioxidant compound with the potential to help prevent cardiovascular diseases and fight cancer(the purple pigment is the result of the transfer of a gene from a snapdragon plant)

Delayed ripening :
EXAMPLE :

A copy of the tomato gene polygalacturonase  inserted  into the tomato genome in the antisense direction . The polygalacturonase enzyme degrades pectin , a component of the tomato cell wall  causing the fruit to soften. When the antisense gene is expressed it interferes with the production of the polygalacturonase enzyme, delaying the ripening process.

2nd example : DNA PLANT TECHNOLOGY developed tomatoes that delayed ripening by preventing the production of ethylene a hormone that triggers ripening of fruit.

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Tomatoes can also be modified. The shelf life of tomatoes is very less and hence to attract customers, the industries modify the tomato by injection to increaes its shelf life.

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By the 1990s, ringspot virus disease had nearly wiped out Hawaii’s papaya crop, and in the process almost destroyed the papaya industry in Hawaii. A GMO papaya, named the Rainbow papaya, was created to resist ringspot virus. This GMO saved papaya farming on the Hawaiian Islands.

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Chemical companies use a type of bacteria that is naturally resistant to herbicides (chemicals used to manipulate or control undesirable vegetation.) to create these crops. DNA is taken from the resistant bacteria and placed in the soy plant's DNA to create a GMO plant that can withstand the direct application of herbicides such as glyphosate, dicamba, and 2,4-D

Advantages - Pairing GMO seeds with good farming practices reduces impact on the environment, with fewer chemical sprays, less fuel and less energy needed to grow a healthy crop. GMOs enable the abundant production of safe, healthy food.

Disadvantages - GMO soybeans aren't necessary for high quality production. Another major worry is that the herbicide and/or pesticide-resistant genes can be transferred to weeds or pests, producing “super weeds” or “super pests.”

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The University of Hong Kong. "Tomatoes with enhanced antioxidant properties created with genetic engineering." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 10 November 2017. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171110113955.htm>.

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Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GMO is a plant or animal that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material from other organisms through molecular techniques

Growers use Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides for control of European and southwestern corn borer.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), soil-dwelling bacterium that naturally produces a toxin that is fatal to certain herbivorous insects

BT Gene isolated and identified in the bacterium and restriction enzyme used to cut the isolated gene. Sticky ends are produced. The isolated gene is joined to a marker gene for antibiotic resistance and this is then inserted into plant cells. It is attached together using DNA ligase. The plant cell is now a transgenic organism. Plant cells are grown and cultured in an antibiotic and the ones that survive are the ones with the BT gene. These cells are grown into corn

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CRISPRA gene editing tool that mirrors the way that cells repair damaged DNA.  Was first demonstrated in 2013. CRISPR allows scientists to make edits in precise places along  a DNA strand. Also known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.

Cross-Breeding Deliberately inter-breeding (crossing) related individuals to produce new varieties. For example, Pluots are the result of cross-breeding apricots with plums. Multiple generations of back-crossing are needed to obtain the desired traits with any unintended traits removed. Also called conventional, traditional or selective breeding.

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The crispr technology helps edit genes which could help in the agriculture industry by modifying crops to satisfy consumer base

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GMo +soybean

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Genome- engineered in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the generation of desired biological products

recombinant genetic technologies- produce organisms whose genomes have been precisely altered at the molecular level

reproductive cloning- a nucleus is extracted from a cell of the individual to be cloned and is inserted into the enucleated cytoplasm of a host egg(an enucleated egg is an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed). The process results in the generation of an offspring that is genetically identical to the donor individual