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A research hypothesis that states how the variables being studied will be observed, manipulated and measured. Includes information about the IV, DV and population.

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Independent variable is absent.

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Independent variable is present

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A variable that can be manipulated, changed or varied in some way by the researcher to assess its effect on the participants' responses

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The variable that the researcher is measuring. The variable that is affected by the independent variable.

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Ethical principle that suggests the experimenter must inform participants of procedures to be used and that they are free to participate, decline to participate, or to withdraw from a study at any time should they choose to do so.

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Ethical principle whereby participants agree to take part in an experiment free from pressure or fear of negative consequences.

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Extent to which we can generalise experimental findings to real-world settings and the wider population

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A sweeping statement that suggests the results of a study may be relevant to the entire population of interest

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Data that is represented by measurements or numbers.

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Natural experiments in which the investigator is not involved other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyse results. can be structured and set-up, or unstructured and natural.

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Procedure that if the same for all participants except where the independent variable is introduced to test a hypothesis. used to minimise the effects of extraneous variables.

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Composed of individuals who are easily accessed or contacted.

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A sample that reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn.

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An extraneous variable. Sometimes participants in an experiment are required to repeat tasks. the order of the experimental/control group activities may affect the results.

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The process of assigning members of the sample to either the control group or the experimental group.

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A series of steps followed to solve problems: Identify the research topic; formulate a hypothesis; design the research method; collect the data; analyse the data; Interpret the results; report the findings and conclusions

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Any factor that can change in amount or type over time

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Involves dividing the population to be sampled into distinct subgroups, or strata, then selecting a separate sample from each stratum in the same proportions as they occur in the target populatio

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Is a variable other than the IV that has had an unwanted affect on the DV, making it impossible to determine which of the variables has produced the change in the DV.

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A testable prediction of the relationship between two or more variables. Stated as a single sentence.

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A variable other than the independent variable that may have affected the results.