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Narrative Therapy

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Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

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                                                                                                                      Fourth Force:

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                                                                                                                      Fourth Force:

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We are currently in the fourth force of psychotherapy. Theories from the previous three forces are integrated into what Seligman and Reichenberg consider a "comprehensive and holistic effort to understand people as fully as possible" (2014, p.3). Clinicians take into consideration a clients' individual identity, while building a positive therapeutic relationship, in order to develop an effective treatment plan. The importance of collaborating with others, across all settings of a clients' life, is now seen as an vital part of treatment. New approaches in the fourth force includes narrative therapy, which seeks to help people identify their values and the skills and knowledge they have to live these values, dialectical behavioral therapy,  which is used to treat people who experience an array of chronic or severe mental health issues,  and other therapies that encourage clients to take an active role in their therapeutic journey.

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"As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves."

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"As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves."

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-Carl Rogers

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 Other modern theorists of the second force includes Albert Ellis, who developed rational emotive behavior therapy, Aaron Beck, who is known as the father of cognitive therapy, William Glasser, who developed reality therapy and choice theory, and Donald Meichenbaum, who is known for his role in the development of CBT and the treatment of PTSD.

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 Other modern theorists of the second force includes Albert Ellis, who developed rational emotive behavior therapy, Aaron Beck, who is known as the father of cognitive therapy, William Glasser, who developed reality therapy and choice theory, and Donald Meichenbaum, who is known for his role in the development of CBT and the treatment of PTSD.

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Skinner developed the theory of Operant Conditioning. This is the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, whether they are reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.

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“To say that a reinforcement is contingent upon a response may mean nothing more than that it follows the response. It may follow because of some mechanical connection or because of the mediation of another organism; but conditioning takes place presumably because of the temporal relation only, expressed in terms of the order and proximity of response and reinforcement. Whenever we present a state of affairs which is known to be reinforcing at a given drive, we must suppose that conditioning takes place, even though we have paid no attention to the behavior of the organism in making the presentation.”

– B.F. Skinner, “Superstition’ in the Pigeon” (p. 168)

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Patterson, C.H. (1977). Foundations for a  Theory of Instruction and Educational Psychology. Harper & Row.

Seligman L., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Systems, Strategies, and Skills (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html

Photos: http://forward.com/culture/199054/6-lessons-from-young-dr-sigmund-freud/
http://slideplayer.com/slide/5711592/
https://alchetron.com/B-F-Skinner-1338868-W
https://psicojc.wordpress.com/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/558094578800808247/
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-reports/dialectical-behavior-therapy-skills-training-effective-intervention

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The work of Carl Rogers, existential-humanistic psychotherapy,  led to the development of the third force of psychotherapy. The importance of emotions, sensations, and of people taking charge of and finding meaning in their lives was emphasized, as well as the importance of the therapeutic alliance. Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and believed that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation.

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Behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions emerged, during the second force of psychotherapy. Behavioral treatment approaches were integrated with cognitive approaches. This led to cognitive-behavioral therapy, which focuses on how actions and thoughts influence our emotions. This treatment utilizes interventions that focus on the present and looks to minimize dysfunctional cognitions and behaviors and replacing them with positive thoughts and actions.

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The work of Sigmund Freud led to the development of psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy. He developed psychoanalysis and made profound contributions to psychotherapy with his descriptions of the unconscious, infantile sexuality, the use of dreams, and his model of the human mind. Freud introduced the idea that one's past experiences was the source of their present emotional difficulties and that mental illness was the result of keeping thoughts or memories in the unconscious.