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The urgency was twofold. First, it's only been within the last decade that a full picture of the crisis in biodiversity has emerged. The second factor was my age. I'm 86. I had a mild stroke a couple of years ago. I thought, "Say this now or never."

And what I say is that to save biodiversity, we need to set aside about half the earth's surface as a natural reserve. I'm not suggesting we have one hemisphere for humans and the other for the rest of life. I'm talking about allocating up to one half of the surface of the land and the sea as a preserve for remaining flora and fauna.
In a rapidly developing world, where would such a reserve be?
Large parts of nature are still intact - the Amazon region, the Congo Basin, New Guinea. There are also patches of the industrialized world where nature could be restored and strung together to create corridors for wildlife. In the oceans, we need to stop fishing in the open sea and let life there recover. If we halted those fisheries, marine life would increase rapidly. The oceans are part of that 50 percent.

Now, this proposal does not mean moving anybody out. It means creating something equivalent to the U.N.'s World Heritage sites that could be regarded as the priceless assets of humanity. That's why I've made so bold a step as to offer this maxim: Do no further harm to the rest of life. If we can agree on that, everything else will follow. It's actually going to be a lot easier than people think.
Why?
Because many problems of human occupancy that we once thought of as insoluble are taking care of themselves. Demographers tell us that the human population could stabilize at about 10 or 11 billion by the end of the century.

High tech is producing new products and ways of living that are congenial to setting side more space for the rest of life. Instrumentation is getting smaller, using less material and energy.

Moreover, the international discourse is changing. I'm very encouraged by the Paris Climate Accords. I was excited to see at the time of the Paris meeting that a consortium of influential business leaders concluded that the world should go for net zero carbon emissions. Towards that end, they recommended we protect the forests we have and restore the damaged ones. That's consistent with the "Half Earth" idea.
Do you worry that you are risking the reputation of a lifetime with such a controversial proposal?
Controversy doesn't bother me. In 1975, when I published about sociobiology, I was attacked in many ways. There were mobs in Harvard Square when I was to give a lecture. I had to be escorted to the back of the hall by police! I had classes interrupted. At Harvard! And then the idea won out. Today, there's widespread agreement: Yes, there is a human instinct and a lot of human behavior is genetic. So, I don't think I'm risking my reputation with "Half Earth." All I'm doing is reporting good science and the experiences of researchers who've described a biodiversity crisis.
Do you see yourself as a naturally optimistic person?
Yes, I think I am optimistic. I had a rough childhood: family breakup in the depths of the Depression. I don't know why I'm an optimist. No, that's not true - I do know. Contrary to my childhood, I married a very wonderful person. That solved a lot. But you know, I had a lot of good breaks as a young person. At 29, I was a tenured professor at Harvard.
What would you say have been the happiest moments in your life?
That's easy. Exploring natural environments, especially in the tropical forests around the world, places like Vanuatu, New Caledonia, the Caribbean. I did a lot of exploring when I was in my 20s. Even then, you could see the ravages visited upon the natural world, and I was conscious of extinctions. At that time, I didn't see it as serious enough globally to require immediate action. Maybe I saw the flora and fauna of the world as immortal.
Do you think connecting to your own mortality sensitized you to the fragility of nature?
I would think a vivid sense of one's personal mortality is part of the wisdom of old age, which is not overrated. You know so much more. In my case, the older I got, the more audacious I got. Now, I'm ready to speak out and gamble a bit.

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wildlife sanctuaries and nature reserves

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half earth: our planet's fight for life (book)

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In 'Half Earth,' E.O. Wilson Calls for a Grand Retreat

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The urgency was twofold. First, it's only been within the last decade that a full picture of the crisis in biodiversity has emerged. The second factor was my age. I'm 86. I had a mild stroke a couple of years ago. I thought, "Say this now or never."

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An invasive species can be any kind of living organism an amphibian , plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or eggs that is not native to an ecosystem and which causes harm.

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America is privileged with a stunning array of animals, plants, and wild destinations-each with its own incredible story. Get to know the amazing wildlife in your backyard and beyond.

Wildlife Spotlight

Ovis canadensis

Explore some of the incredible fauna and flora found throughout the United States

Looking for a certain animal or plant?

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Wildlife Guide | National Wildlife Federation

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America is privileged with a stunning array of animals, plants, and wild destinations-each with its own incredible story. Get to know the amazing wildlife in your backyard and beyond. Wildlife Spotlight Ovis canadensis Explore some of the incredible fauna and flora found throughout the United States Looking for a certain animal or plant?

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Image taken by by Voyager 1 on February 14, 1990, Carl  Sagan refers to Pale Blue Dot as " Home".

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Citizen Science is the involvement of the public in scientific research – whether community-driven research or global investigations.

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Species diversity refers to the variety of different living things.
Genetic diversity refers to the variations between individuals of a species — characteristics passed down from parents to their offspring.
Ecosystem diversity refers to the great variety of environments produced by the interplay of the living (animals and plants) and non-living world (earth forms, soil, rocks and water).

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Eco-Online What's biodiversity - Three types of biodiversity

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There are three aspects to biodiversity: species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. All three interact and change over time and from place to place. Species diversity refers to the variety of different living things.

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Biodiversity consists of to all the different kinds of living organisms within a given area. Biodiversity includes plants, animals, fungi, and other living things.

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Biodiversity | National Geographic Society

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Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. While Earth’s biodiversity is so rich that many species have yet to be discovered, many species are being threatened with extinction due to human activities, putting the Earth’s magnificent…

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The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth’s fragile ozone Layer.

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THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER | OZONE SECRETARIAT

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The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth's fragile ozone Layer. The original Montreal Protocol was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989.

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holocene epoch is the geological epoch that began after the Pleistocene at approximately 11,700 years before present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period.

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To observe a Holocene environment, simply look around you! The Holocene is the name given to the last 11,700 years* of the Earth's history - the time since the end of the last major glacial epoch, or "ice age." Since then, there have been small-scale climate shifts - notably the "Little Ice Age" between about 1200 and 1700 A.D.

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anthropocene relates to or denotes the current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.

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Efforts to label the human epoch have ignited a scientific debate between geologists and environmentalists

Smithsonian Magazine |

Have human beings permanently changed the planet? That seemingly simple question has sparked a new battle between geologists and environmental advocates over what to call the time period we live in.

According to the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), the professional organization in charge of defining Earth's time scale, we are officially in the Holocene ("entirely recent") epoch, which began 11,700 years ago after the last major ice age.

But that label is outdated, some experts say. They argue for "Anthropocene"-from anthropo, for "man," and cene, for "new"-because human-kind has caused mass extinctions of plant and animal species, polluted the oceans and altered the atmosphere, among other lasting impacts.

Anthropocene has become an environmental buzzword ever since the atmospheric chemist and Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen popularized it in 2000. This year, the word has picked up velocity in elite science circles: It appeared in nearly 200 peer-reviewed articles, the publisher Elsevier has launched a new academic journal titled Anthropocene and the IUGS convened a group of scholars to decide by 2016 whether to officially declare that the Holocene is over and the Anthropocene has begun.

Many stratigraphers (scientists who study rock layers) criticize the idea, saying clear-cut evidence for a new epoch simply isn't there. "When you start naming geologic-time terms, you need to define what exactly the boundary is, where it appears in the rock strata," says Whitney Autin, a stratigrapher at the SUNY College of Brockport, who suggests Anthropocene is more about pop culture than hard science. The crucial question, he says, is specifying exactly when human beings began to leave their mark on the planet: The atomic era, for instance, has left traces of radiation in soils around the globe, while deeper down in the rock strata, agriculture's signature in Europe can be detected as far back as A.D. 900. The Anthopocene, Autin says, "provides eye-catching jargon, but from the geologic side, I need the bare bones facts that fit the code."

Some Anthropocene proponents concede that difficulty. But don't get bogged down in the mud, they say, just stipulate a date and move on. Will Steffen, who heads Australia National University's Climate Change Institute and has written articles with Crutzen, recommends starting the epoch with the advent of the industrial revolution in the early 1800s or with the atomic age in the 1950s. Either way, he says, the new name sends a message: "[It] will be another strong reminder to the general public that we are now having undeniable impacts on the environment at the scale of the planet as a whole, so much so that a new geological epoch has begun."

To Andrew Revkin, a New York Time s reporter (now blogger) who suggested a similar term in 1992 that never quite caught on ("Anthrocene"), it's significant that the issue is being debated at all. "Two billion years ago, cyanobacteria oxygenated the atmosphere and powerfully disrupted life on Earth," he says. "But they didn't know it. We're the first species that's become a planet-scale influence and is aware of that reality. That's what distinguishes us."

Discover why scientists think we are in a new geologic age and what it means for our future.

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About Joseph Stromberg

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What Is the Anthropocene and Are We in It?

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Smithsonian Magazine | Have human beings permanently changed the planet? That seemingly simple question has sparked a new battle between geologists and environmental advocates over what to call the time period we live in.

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Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas,

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Urbanization | UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund

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The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in history. More than half of the world's population now lives in towns and cities, and by 2030 this number will swell to about 5 billion. Much of this urbanization will unfold in Africa and Asia, bringing huge social, economic and environmental transformations.

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Deforestation clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.

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Forests cover 31% of the land area on our planet. They help people thrive and survive by, for example, purifying water and air and providing people with jobs; some 13.2 million people across the world have a job in the forest sector and another 41 million have a job that is related to the sector. Many animals also rely on forests. Eighty percent of the world's land-based species, such as elephants and rhinos, live in forests. Forests also play a critical role in mitigating climate change because they act as a carbon sink-soaking up carbon dioxide that would otherwise be free in the atmosphere and contribute to ongoing changes in climate patterns.

But forests around the world are under threat, jeopardizing these benefits. The threats manifest themselves in the form of deforestation and forest degradation. The main cause of deforestation is agriculture (poorly planned infrastructure is emerging as a big threat too) and the main cause of forest degradation is illegal logging. We're losing 18.7 million acres of forests annually, equivalent to 27 soccer fields every minute.

Deforestation is a particular concern in tropical rain forests because these forests are home to much of the world's biodiversity. For example, in the Amazon around 17% of the forest has been lost in the last 50 years, mostly due to forest conversion for cattle ranching. Deforestation in this region is particularly rampant near more populated areas, roads and rivers, but even remote areas have been encroached upon when valuable mahogany, gold, and oil are discovered.

WWF has been working to protect forests for more than 50 years. WWF works with governments, companies, communities and other stakeholders to promote certification for responsible forest management practices, combat illegal logging, reform trade policies, protect forested areas, and more.

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Deforestation and Forest Degradation | Threats | WWF

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Forests cover 31% of the land area on our planet. They help people thrive and survive by, for example, purifying water and air and providing people with jobs; some 13.2 million people across the world have a job in the forest sector and another 41 million have a job that is related to the sector.

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Desertification is the persistent degradation of dryland ecosystems by variations in climate and human activities.

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This Digest is a faithful summary of the leading scientific consensus report produced in 2005 by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA): ' Desertification Synthesis Report'

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misson statement: conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends.

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Nature Conservancy | Protecting Nature, Preserving Life

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The Nature Conservancy protects Earth's natural resources and beauty. Our conservation efforts are driven by our members. Act Now.

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Mission statement: The Sonoran Institute’s mission is to connect people and communities with the natural resources that nourish and sustain them. We work at the nexus of commerce, community, and conservation to help people in the North American West build the communities they want to live in while preserving the values which brought them here. We envision a West where civil dialogue and collaboration are hallmarks of decision making, where people and wildlife live in harmony, and where clean water, air, and energy are assured.

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The Sonoran Institute's mission is to connect people and communities with the natural resources that nourish and sustain them. We work at the nexus of commerce, community, and conservation to help people in the North American West build the communities they want to live in while preserving the values which brought them here.

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Mission Statement: ensure the long-term survival of the full spectrum of plants and animals that are indigenous to Pima County through maintaining or improving the habitat conditions and ecosystem functions necessary for their survival.

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The Sonoran Desert is a beautiful and rugged place like nowhere else on earth. For those of us who live here, the mountains, the cactus, and the wildlife are not only part of the scenery, they are a proud part of our culture and the way we live.

This is also one of the fastest growing regions in the country and most of this growth has occurred without adequate planning or comprehensive accounting of impacts. We now have a chance to ensure that future growth will not destroy the wild and rugged areas that we have all come to love. That chance lies in Pima County's Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan (SDCP).

The goal of the SDCP is to allow our community to grow without destroying the things that make Pima County special - the mountain ranges, riparian areas, habitat that supports abundant wildlife, and places where we can enjoy the solitude of nature. The SDCP's goal is to:

The goal of the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan is to ensure the long-term survival of the full spectrum of plants and animals that are indigenous to Pima County through maintaining or improving the habitat conditions and ecosystem functions necessary for their survival.

In October 1998, the Pima County Board of Supervisors adopted the multi-year planning process of the SDCP. The Coalition has been a part of this process since the beginning. With so many threatened and endangered species found in the area, which is still experiencing massive growth, it is necessary to implement a plan that will protect the long-term survival of these species and their habitat for generations to come.

The SDCP is a multi-faceted planning process with ongoing implementation. Major components include:

The completion of a Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan (MSCP) as part of an Incidental Take Permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. After nearly two decades, the MSCP was finalized in September 2016 and will be implemented over the next 30 years, protecting habitat for 44 vulnerable, threatened, and endangered species.

Adopting the Conservation Lands System guidelines and policies into Pima County's Comprehensive Land Use Plan in 2001 and applying these guidelines in appropriate cases on an on-going basis.

Developing a robust open space preserve system with funding from open space bonds and other sources. With $174 million in bond funds approved in the 2004 bond election, Pima County purchased over 31,000 acres of fee title lands and 170,000 acres of leased State Trust Lands. These lands will in part serve as mitigation for anticipated impacts under the County's Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan.

Applying Riparian Habitat Mitigation Guidelines for impacts to important riparian habitat. The Coalition was closely involved with the development of these guidelines and continues to monitor how the guidelines are applied to specific development projects.

Working with local jurisdictions such as the City of Tucson, Town of Marana, Town of Oro Valley, and Town of Sahuarita on regional habitat conservation planning and the development of their conservation policies and ordinances. We also continually monitor how these policies and ordinances are applied to specific development projects.

With so many threatened and endangered species found in the area, which is still experiencing massive growth, it is necessary to implement a plan that will protect the long-term survival of these species and their habitat for generations to come.

The SDCP planning process has won both Pima County and the Coalition over a dozen local, regional and national awards, including awards for Best Plan & Multi-Agency Coordination (2001 Arizona Planning Association), Distinguished Leadership (2001 Arizona Planning Association), GIS Approach to Reserve Design (2001 ESRI User Conference, Best Instructional Presentation), Public Education (2002 Arizona Planning Association), and Priority Species Habitat Distribution Modeling (2001 Southwest Arc/Info Users Group, Map Poster Contest). The SDCP has also received national media attention from Time Magazine, National Audubon Magazine, and is featured in Nature-Friendly Communities, a book by Chris Duersken and Cara Snyder, and Safe Passages: Wildlife, Highways, and Habitat Connectivity, edited by Jon Beckmann et al.

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The Sonoran Desert is a beautiful and rugged place like nowhere else on earth. For those of us who live here, the mountains, the cactus, and the wildlife are not only part of the scenery, they are a proud part of our culture and the way we live.

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USGS provides science about the natural hazards that threaten lives and livelihoods, the water, energy, minerals, and other natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change. Our scientists develop new methods and tools to enable timely, relevant, and useful information about the Earth and its processes.

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We provide science about the natural hazards that threaten lives and livelihoods; the water, energy, minerals, and other natural resources we rely on; the health of our ecosystems and environment; and the impacts of climate and land-use change. Our scientists develop new methods and tools to supply timely, relevant, and useful information about the Earth and its processes.

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Natural Resources Conservation Service(NRCS) 

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Natural Resources Conservation Service(NRCS) 

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NRCS helps America’s farmers, ranchers and forest landowners conserve the nation’s soil, water, air and other natural resources. All programs are voluntary and offer science-based solutions that benefit both the landowner and the environment.

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NPS is an agency responsible for the care of National Parks around our nation. NPS is also involved with helping tribes, local governments, nonprofit organizations. NPS provides prevention and knowledge to citizens on how to take care of national pars around them.

Mission Statement: "The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world."

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Our Mission

The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world.
Explore general legislation and other laws relating to the National Park Service.
Our Employees

Approximately 20,000 strong, the uncommon men and women of the National Park Service share a common trait: a passion for caring for the nation's special places and sharing their stories.

How We Are Organized

The National Park Service is a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Interior and is led by a Director nominated by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The Director is supported by senior executives who manage national programs, policy, and budget in the Washington, DC, headquarters and seven regional directors responsible for national park management and program implementation.

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The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world.

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FS manages and protects about 150 national forests and 20 grasslands in about 43 states in the US, including Puerto Rico.

Mission Statement: "the mission of the USDA Forest Service is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the Nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations."

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We augment our work through partnerships with public and private agencies that help us plant trees, improve trails, educate the public, and improve conditions in wildland/urban interfaces and rural areas, just to name a few. Our team also promotes sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation internationally.

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FWS is dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife and habitat.
Mission Statement: "Work with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people."

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We are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the only agency in the federal government whose primary responsibility is the conservation and management of fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the American people.

We offer a variety of opportunities to enjoy the outdoors and our shared natural heritage. And through our work to conserve natural resources, we provide communities with healthier environments, clean water, flood control and a strong economy.

Learn about our priorities, statutory authority and functions.

History of Fish and Wildlife

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is a bureau within the U.S. Department of the Interior and the nation's oldest conservation agency. Our origins date back to 1871 when Congress established the U.S. Fish Commission to study why the nation's food fishes were decreasing and recommend ways to reverse that decline.

Though the name of our agency has changed multiple times over the years, what endures is the collective dedication of Service employees to face the conservation challenges of their dayand now, our daywith ingenuity, integrity and hard work. Fortunately, our history shows that we've always been up to the challenge.

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We are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the only agency in the federal government whose primary responsibility is the conservation and management of fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the American people. We offer a variety of opportunities to enjoy the outdoors and our shared natural heritage.

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BLM is an agency which conserves land and its natural resources including oil and gas.

Mission Statement: "to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations."

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Module 7 was very interesting, learning about  different endangered species, and endangered land.

1. The Endangered Species Act is used to protect and  recover species and their habitat.

2. The Clean air Act which is used to control air pollution.

3. The Love canal is a neighborhood found in Niagara Falls, New York. n the film we watched we learned about the toxic waste which was dumped into the canal by Hooker chemical company. The love canal community began to make a living and develop on lad which contained toxic waste, leading to health issues  in this region.

(Photo taken from: http://www.postlandfill.org/love-canal-super-disaster/)

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1. DDT is an organochlorine2 insecticide that was first synthesized in 1874.
2. DDT was initially used by the military in WW II to control malaria, typhus, body lice, and bubonic plague.
3. DDT is still used today in South America, Africa, and Asia the purpose. of malaria.
(photo credit:http://www.mosquitoreviews.com/DDT-resistant-mosquitoes.html)

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1. Paul Ehrlich was known for his warnings to the public about population growth and the limited resources which were available  to us. He published a book with his wife Anne.
2. the formula I=PTA is used to calculate the impact of human activity on the environment.
3. Rachel Carson's book "silent spring" was a book about the effects of pesticides on the environment.

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The Dust bowl- Occurred during the 1930s, in the great plains of the US and Canadian prairies. The dust bowl was a period of sever dust storm and extreme drought, which caused extreme temperatures.

(photo credit::http://geol105naturalhazards.voices.wooster.edu/eating-sleeping-breathing-dust-health-hazards-of-the-dust-bowl/)

Aldo Leopold known as the father of wildlife conservation, Leopold created the concept of land ethic. Land ethic is a moral responsibility of humans to the natural world.

Wilderness Act of 1964 was used as a preservation system, to preserve the wilderness

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1. This module i learned a lot of new terms, such as tragedy of commons. This theory was very interesting to learn about, i never really noticed how much certain individuals benefit from pollution and how much it is actually used.
2. When reading the article about overexploitation of the wildlife, i knew that during the European Settlers birds were hunted for their plumes but never to the point where it would cause extinction.
3. Overexploitation of the rangelands was also a very interesting article to read, i enjoyed actually going through different historic events that i never knew about, and seeing how much land was and is actually exploited.

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1. The readings in this module were really interesting, i really enjoyed the readings especially the black elk speaks, i really liked the idea of life being a circle which is what i have always believed in what goes around comes around.
2. i didn't really know there so many terms for conservation and it was interesting to see the different terms and definitions that conservation can fall under.

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1. On the first day of RNR 200, we had to write a discussion post introducing ourselves.
2. On the first day of the online session we had different assignments due including making a video where we talked about what career we would like after graduating, which i thought was very interesting to do!
3. The readings given for the first week of class were super interesting.

(photo credit: Arizona sunset by Juliana Ahumada)