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Gutek, G. L. (2011). Historical and philosophical foundations of education: a biographical introduction(5th ed.). New York: Pearson.

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Erasmus's thoughts on education particularly pertain to modern college classes, specifically the lecture format. "Erasmus, a prolific but highly competent author, recommended that students engage in the frequent writing of essays, poems, and stories to improve their expression and mastery of style. Another aid to learning he recommended was systematic note taking, a skill still practiced by successful students, especially those in college (Gutek p. 103)." The note taking strategy is something that is taught early in the education experience, and used throughout. This skill is often used in student's careers as well. The use of writing as a way to learn and also measure understanding is also a technique used in almost every level of modern education. I have used writing as a means to evaluate understanding of when looking for a different assessment format besides an exam.

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"Although naturalist educators such as Rousseau saw the conventional school as coercive and argued for greater freedom for the child, the prepared environment can be equally limiting on the child's freedom in that it points learning in a particular direction (Gutek p.149)." In my experience working with students with Autism, this statement could not be more reverent. Due to sensory needs, I have made many accommodation to my classroom. We use natural light that is filtered with shades. We keep the environment relatively quiet, and provide noise canceling headphones to those with auditory sensitivities. We use a sensory corner that provides sensory activities for students that seek sensory input. Providing an environment that allows my students to access their education is crucial to success.

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"Mann saw the U.S. common school as an integrative social agency for bringing children of different social and economic classes and religions together in one institution (Gutek p.238)." This concept is obviously evident in today's educational system. There are laws protecting this concept. In my experience as an educator, I have seen this concept in action. There are students and faculty from all walks of life learning together under one roof. I believe that is one of the best parts of the American education system. We all have the opportunity to grow together and learn from each others experiences.

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One of Jefferson's goals for civic education reads, "Popular education in a republic was important in protecting the individual's natural rights to freedom of thought and inquiry (Gutek p.193)." Today it is important for all citizens to be aware of their rights. When it comes to special education, parents and student should know what their rights are as far as a free and appropriate education and a least restrictive environment. Understanding what rights their student has and what federal and state laws require school systems to offer their families can greatly change a student's education experience. Currently I work with students that have IEPs, and I ensure that they are being implemented in the classroom according to the parameters agreed upon by the student's IEP team.

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"Mill believed that the free circulation of ideas, including controversial ones, were necessary conditions for individual choice and social progress (Gutek p. 300)." This idea is relevant in modern education. Teaching critical thinking skills is an important part of the curriculum. Also, there are many controversial teaching strategies, such as common core, that are being explored in modern education. There are also controversial methods when dealing with special needs students that exhibit physical aggression. Some programs utilize restraint and seclusion, some, like the program that I currently teach in, use a trauma informed care approach and use a hands-off technique that focuses on deescalation stra

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Desiderius Erasmus

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Horace Mann

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Thomas Jefferson

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John Stuart Mill