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Depression: social isolation, loss of energy, sleep, appetite, mood swings, insomnia, fatigue, crying, weight increase or decrease
Schizophrenia: thought disorder, amnesia, delusion, hallucinations, depression, hearing voices, fatigue, lack of emotional response
DID: mood swings, feelings of detachment from self, self-harm, amnesia, blackout, altered consciousness
Anxiety: rapid breathing, fainting, perspiration, increased heart rate
Phobia: irrational fears, rapid breathing, perspiration, increased heart rate, fainting
OCD: impulsiveness, repetition (in movements, words), social isolation
PTSD: depression, insomnia, irritability, self-destructive behavior, anxiety, flashbacks, social isolation
Anorexia: weight loss, fatigue, insomnia
Bulimia: purging
Binge Eating: purging, consuming large amounts of food in short time spans
Bipolar Disorder: insomnia or hypersomnia, weight gain or weight loss, elevation and deflation in anger, euphoria, guilt, depression

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Goal: To subdue a patient's symptoms by the help of people suffering from mental disorders like them (group therapy) or being able to communicate better with the family and solving problems occurring in the relationship (family therapy)
How it works: The patient is in a room with other patients (group therapy) and they discuss each other's feelings and behaviors, or a patient is in a room with their family (family therapy) and the family talks about the problems that are arising or the family's partaking in the patient's problems
Best for treating: Most disorders (Depression, Anxiety, DID)

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Problems that arise for the therapy to be used...

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Problems that arise for the therapy to be used...

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Psychodynamic: unconscious or repressed conflicts from childhood
Client-Centered (Humanistic): not being able to achieve self-acceptance or self-understanding
Behavior: self-deprecating behavior, modeling
Cognitive: negative, self-deprecating thinking
Cognitive-Behavioral: negative self-deprecating behavior and thinking
Group and Family: conflicts induced by the family

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FREE ASSOCIATION
Theorist: Sigmund Freud
Goal: The patient should be able to reduce anxiety or depressive symptoms by gaining self-insight or self-awareness
How it works: The therapist interprets the patient's feelings, dreams and memories
Best for treating: Anxiety, Depression

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CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY
Theorist: Carl Rogers
Goal: Active listening and unconditional positive reward will help the patient develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
How it works: The therapist engages in active listening (listens, echoes, and repeats what the client is saying) and gives the patient unconditional positive regard (non-judgmental environment)
Best for treating: Most mental disorders (Depression, Anxiety, DID)

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AVERSIVE CONDITIONING (counterconditioning)
Goal: The patient thinks of the unwanted behavior or addiction with a negative response
How it works: For alcohol addiction in particular, the patient is given alcohol to drink with a drug in it that induces nauseousness. After the patient drinks the alcohol and feels nauseous, they begin associating nauseousness with alcohol and start to reject alcohol because of their negative response (nauseousness) to it
Best for treating: Addiction

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION (counterconditioning)
Therapist: Joseph Wolpe and Mary Cover Jones
Goal: Subdue a patient's anxiety in their anxiety inducing situations or eliminate a phobia
How it works: The patient makes a hierarchy of anxiety inducing situations and then their therapist illustrates each situation, starting from the least to the most anxiety inducing situation, and teaches the patient how to physically and mentally calm down (substitue a postive response
Best for treating: Anxiety, Phobias

FLOODING/IMMERSION THERAPY
Goal: Subdue a patient's anxiety in their anxiety inducing situations or eliminate a phobia
How it works: The patient is put in direct contact with their phobia or anxiety causing environment and is told to relax their body and calm their mind. For example, if a patient has the phobia of snakes, the therapist will put them in a roomful of snakes.
Best for treating: Anxiety, Phobias

TOKEN ECONOMY
Goal: Using operant conditioning (positive reinforcement and negative punishment) to make the patient understand what thoughts or behaviors are correct or incorrect
How it works: In the case of schizophrenia, when the patient is able to determine what their reality is, they get a reward, and when they relapse and believe that their hallucinations are reality, they get their reward taken away. At the end of the session or the therapy, the number of rewards the patient has can be cashed in for a prize.
Best for treating: Schizophrenia, Anxiety, Phobias, Depression

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COGNITIVE THERAPY
Theorist: Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
Goal: Stop patients from self-blaming after bad events (For example, if a person just lost their job, they should not call themselves worthless or hopeless and instead
How it works: Changing patients' harmful self beliefs and teaching them new ways of thinking positively
Best for treating: Depression

RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY (REBT)
Theorist: Albert Ellis
Goal: Reversing a patient's self-deprecating thoughts about themselves
How it works: Changing a patient's illogical, self-defeating self-assumptions by challenging the assumptions and telling the patient to think that the opposite is true
Best for treating: Depression

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT)
Theorist: Aaron Beck
Goal: Reversing a patient's self-deprecating thoughts about themselves and making them behave more positively
How it works: The therapist tells the patient to change their irrational thinking about themselves to something more positive and taking positive behavioral approaches in their environment to increase their self-image
Best for treating: Depression

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DRUG THERAPY
Goal: Suppress the symptoms of a mental disorder by the use of drugs
How it works: The drugs target neurotransmitters and changes them to suppress the symptoms of the mental illness
What drug(s) is(are) available for:
Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics (Haldol)
Depression: SSRI (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil), Electroconvulsion Therapy
Bipolar Disorder: Lithium
Anxiety Disorder: Benzodiphines (Xanax, Valium)
Uncontrollable violent behavior: Lobotomies

ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
Goal: To alter the chemistry of the brain to reverse or subdue the symptoms of the mental illness (usually depression)
How it works: Electric shocks are sent to the patient's head to create seizures that will alter the chemistry of the brain
Best for treating: Depression

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UNIT 10: DISORDERS AND TREATMENTS REVIEW 

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UNIT 10: DISORDERS AND TREATMENTS REVIEW 

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Psychodynamic Cause: Childhood trauma of the patient caused

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Behavioral Cause:
Behavioral Treatment: The psychiatrist should use token economy. Whenever the patient admits that they aren't really injured they will receive a reward. When they say that they are injured their reward gets taken away.

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Hypochondriasis
DID
Schizophrenia
Alcohol Dependency
Phobia of Snakes

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SSRI: Depression
Benzodiphines (Xanax, Valium...): Anxiety
Antipsychotics (Haldol...): Schizophrenia
Lithium: Bipolar Disorder

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Cognitive
CBT: Aaron Beck
REBT: Albert Ellis
Learned Helplessness: Martin Seligman
Psychodynamic/Psycoanalysis
Family/Group
Humanistic (Client-Centered): Carl Rogers
Behavioral
Systematic Desensitization
Aversive Conditioning
ECT (shock therapy to the head)

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Unable to adjust voice level in different situations (whispering at a loud event)

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Neurosis: Emotional disturbance characterized by excessive anxiety (can function in life)
Psychosis: Emotional disturbance characterized by inability to cope in the real world (can't function in life)

EATING DISORDERS
Anorexia: Psychological disorder characterized as an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat, low calorie intake, intense exercise, etc.
Symptoms: fatigue, insomnia, thin appearance, extreme weight loss
Causes: society's ideals, genetic

Bulimia:
Symptoms: frequent purging,
Causes: trauma, society's ideals

Binge Eating Disorder: Recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food very quickly
Symptoms: constant purging

ANXIETY DISORDERS
Symptoms: rapid breathing, perspiration, shaking, passing out
Phobia: Irrational, intense fear of something, interferes with normal life
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Obsessions (thoughts) and compulsion (actions)
Somatoform Disorder: People complaining of physical symptoms with no physical cause
Hypochondriasis: You think you have a disorder but you don't
Conversion Hysteria: Having a physical symptom with no cause
Panic Disorder:
Symptoms: fear, dizziness, nauseous