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3000-2500 BC

Deposits and Naguanli showed evidence of Dabenkeng pottery, barkcloth beaters, projectile points made from slate, stone adzes, spindle whorls, and reaping knives. Other discoveries include burials of dogs, rice remains, and the remains of foxtail millet.

This suggests that this culture was already domesticating animals, farming, and creating items to help them harvest earlier than most of the other cultures in Australia and Oceania. This suggests the beginnings of a complex society.

Source: Chris Scarre, The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. (London: Thames & Hudson, 2013), 284.

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1500-1350 BC

The Lapita pottery was designed using a technique called dentate. Similar forms of pottery can be found in the Marianas and in the Philippines. While they may be similar to one another they are also distinct. The Lapita pottery is claimed to have come from the Philippines but was modified into the unique style that can be found in Lapita pottery artifacts.

This indicates that there was cross-cultural contact at some point and the integration of pottery styles from other people groups. However, it also displays that they were forming their own distinct identities as a people group by modifying their pottery to be more unique to themselves.

Source:  Carson, Mike T., et al. "The Pottery Trail From Southeast Asia to Remote Oceania." Journal Of Island & Coastal Archaeology 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 17-36. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed May 21, 2017).

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/PortVilaLapita.jpg

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mid-Holocene

Arnhem Land in Australia is a site known for Rainbow Serpent images. The images depicted at this site change from terrestrial animals and plants to paintings of river creatures such as fish. These pictures can be traced to the environmental changes in the mid-Holocene.

The depictions of these new creatures and being able to tract them back to environmental changes during the mid-Holocene depict a change in the lifestyle of the Australians. These people went from growing crops and hunting land animals to depending more on river creatures such as turtles and fish. This shows an adaptability to their environment.

Source: Chris Scarre, The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. (London: Thames & Hudson, 2013), 271-72.

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Australian_rock_art_of_Zaglossus_-_ZooKeys-255-103-g002.jpeg

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2500-1000 BC

Scrapers were stone tools that were made in Australia around in the early Pleistocene to the late Holocene. Australians switched from the scrapers which had curving retouched edges to the finely made stone tools found later around 2500-1000 BC. These tools were flaked stones that had one or more edges that were steeply retouched. These new tools were smaller, more standardized, and were made in abundance.

The emergence of a new type of standardized scraper suggests that this was a way to conserve materials. This suggests that the Australian people were thinking about future economic instability.

Source: Chris Scarre, The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. (London: Thames & Hudson, 2013), 268-69.

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500 BC-500 AD

During the Bronze Iron age nations in Southeast  Asia as far as the Moluccas were beginning to use iron for tools and weapons and were also trading spices and aromatics. This contact between the nations also spread Hinduism and Buddhism.

The trading that occurred led to urbanization in countries of Southeast Asia but did not spread to the islands. More religions and increased social institutions were beginning to be developed.

Source: Chris Scarre, The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. (London: Thames & Hudson, 2013), 302.

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1st century-2nd century AD

At Sembiran in Bali rice phytoliths and Indian pottery with graffito, which was a writing in and Indian dialect, was found. The Indian pottery found was Rouletted ware. Other items that were found were the kettledrum and glass and carnelian beads.

The rice phytoliths suggest that rice farming occurred during Sembiran's occupation. With the large amounts of pottery also found in this site and the glass and carnelian beads it seems as though trade was occurring between the people of Sembiran and other nations. This suggests a complex society that may have been sedentary.

Source: Ardika, I. W., Peter Bellwood, I. M. Sutaba, and Citha Yuliati Kade. "Sembiran and the First Indian Contacts with Bali: An Update." Antiquity 71, no. 271 (03, 1997): 193-195. https://search.proquest.com/docview/217568767?accountid=14784.

Source: Chris Scarre, The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. (London: Thames & Hudson, 2013), 302-03.

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1000 AD

The double canoe was an invention created by the Polynesians in 1000 AD. The double canoe was used by the Polynesians to discover and colonize islands that were thousands of kilometers away. The double canoes were also modified by the Society Islands to be used in warfare.

The discovery, colonization, and warring associated with the creation of the double canoe suggests the idea that there may have been some complex societal reason for seeking out new lands. Reasons may have included ancestry, gender, or birth order as the determining factors to land ownership. This suggests complex social organizations.

Source: Chris Scarre, The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. (London: Thames & Hudson, 2013), 290 and 292.

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Oubeikei-Tomin_and_outrigger_canoe_circa_1930.JPG

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Leluh consisted of walled compounds, paved streets, and a canal system. There were also distinct social classes. The people of Leluh also grew crops such as taro, bananas, yams, and sugarcane.

This shows that the people of Leluh on the island of Kosrae were able to form social complexity, create more urbanized settlements, and cultivate crops. This would indicate that these people were fairly sedentary.

Source:  Patrick V. Kirch and Jean-Louis Rallu. The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies: archaeological and demographic perspectives. (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2007), 262.

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In the Futuna and the Hawaiian Islands the agriculture was dependent on rainfall. This caused only the most aggressive and expansive chiefdoms to dominate the societies which led to them owning the most fertile lands on the islands. This allowed them to grow taro which keep their societies as agricultural.

The lack of certain environmental characteristics led to conquest between societies.

Source: Chris Scarre, The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. (London: Thames & Hudson, 2013) 290.

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Hawaii-main_islands_with_labels.png

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Most of the cuisines in Oceania consisted of fish, meat, and tubers. This was because most of the environments were not stable enough to support agricultural crops.

This suggests an adaptation to the new environments the Austronesian societies encountered.

Chris Scarre, The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. (London: Thames & Hudson, 2013), 290.

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/The_fishes_of_Samoa_%28Plate_XLI%29_%285998996704%29.jpg

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Ardika, I. W., Peter Bellwood, I. M. Sutaba, and Citha Yuliati Kade. "Sembiran and the First Indian Contacts with Bali: An Update." Antiquity 71, no. 271 (03, 1997): 193-195. https://search.proquest.com/docview/217568767?accountid=14784.

Carson, Mike T., et al. "The Pottery Trail From Southeast Asia to Remote Oceania." Journal Of Island & Coastal Archaeology 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 17-36. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed May 21, 2017).

Kirch, Patrick V., and Jean-Louis Rallu. The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies: archaeological and demographic perspectives. (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2007

Scarre, Chris. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013.

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This timeline was created for ANTH104 at Cascadia College.

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