# data[].attributes.headline
2.3.1 Prevention: primary, secondary, tertiary 

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2.3.1 Prevention: primary, secondary, tertiary 

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Diabetes risk e.g. Know your risk (Diabetes UK), QDiabetes

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Diabetes risk e.g. Know your risk (Diabetes UK), QDiabetes

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Osteoporosis (fracture risk) FRAX, QFracture

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Osteoporosis (fracture risk) FRAX, QFracture

# data[].attributes.headline
Scoping review to explore the evidence around use of cancer risk assessment tools in primary (CHAPTER 3)

# data[].attributes.subject
Scoping review to explore the evidence around use of cancer risk assessment tools in primary (CHAPTER 3)

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2.8.2 Direction in terms of use/implementation in primary care, e.g are cancer risk assessment tools currently being used in primary care consultation?

# data[].attributes.subject
2.8.2 Direction in terms of use/implementation in primary care, e.g are cancer risk assessment tools currently being used in primary care consultation?

# data[].attributes.headline
3. Risk and Recreancy: Weber, The Division of Labor, and Rationality of Risk Perceptions.William Freudenburg, Social Forces, Vol. 71(4) 1993.

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3. Risk and Recreancy: Weber, The Division of Labor, and Rationality of Risk Perceptions.William Freudenburg, Social Forces, Vol. 71(4) 1993.

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2. Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield [Paul Slovic: Risk Analysis, vol. 19(4) 1999]

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2. Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield [Paul Slovic: Risk Analysis, vol. 19(4) 1999]

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7th Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Make Them Partners" 

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7th Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Make Them Partners" 

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6th Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Treat Them Nicely" 

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6th Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Treat Them Nicely" 

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5th Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Show Them That It's a Good Deal for Them" 

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5th Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Show Them That It's a Good Deal for Them" 

# data[].attributes.headline
4thh Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Show Them That They've Accepted Similar Risks in the Past"

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4thh Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Show Them That They've Accepted Similar Risks in the Past"

# data[].attributes.headline
3rd Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Explain What We Mean by the Numbers" 

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3rd Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Explain What We Mean by the Numbers" 

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2nd Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Tell Them the Numbers" 

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2nd Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Tell Them the Numbers" 

# data[].attributes.headline
1st Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Get the Numbers Right" 

# data[].attributes.subject
1st Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Get the Numbers Right" 

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2.7.1 Risk Perception and Communication Unplugged: Twenty Years of Process [Baruch Fischhoff: Risk Analysis, vol. 15(2) 1995]

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2.7.1 Risk Perception and Communication Unplugged: Twenty Years of Process [Baruch Fischhoff: Risk Analysis, vol. 15(2) 1995]

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Time is a problem in the short term. External sources may enable much of  information gathering from outside consultations. Discussions will still be required, but an investment of time at the decision making stage may result in more succinct dis­cussions in the future—and then save time.

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Time is a problem in the short term. External sources may enable much of  information gathering from outside consultations. Discussions will still be required, but an investment of time at the decision making stage may result in more succinct dis­cussions in the future—and then save time.

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Health Crossroads explores multi­ple decision points at different times in the patient's “career.”

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Health Crossroads explores multi­ple decision points at different times in the patient's “career.”

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Patients could be referred to reference sources such as the Data­base of Individual Patient Experiences, the UK National electronic Library for Health, and HealthCrossroads (see Box 2 in Ewards et al 2002).

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Patients could be referred to reference sources such as the Data­base of Individual Patient Experiences, the UK National electronic Library for Health, and HealthCrossroads (see Box 2 in Ewards et al 2002).

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Booklets,tapes, and other materials could be available if patients want them. 

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Booklets,tapes, and other materials could be available if patients want them. 

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Paper based graphs can be used tosupport discussions with patients [e.g fig 3 in Edwards et al., 2002] (Edwards et al., 199).

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Paper based graphs can be used tosupport discussions with patients [e.g fig 3 in Edwards et al., 2002] (Edwards et al., 199).

# data[].attributes.headline
Websites portraying the harms or benefits associated withtreatment options e.g the treatment of oti­tis media with antibiotics

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Websites portraying the harms or benefits associated withtreatment options e.g the treatment of oti­tis media with antibiotics

# data[].attributes.headline
Decision aids e.gbooklets, tapes, videodiscs, interactive computer pro­grams, or paper based charts, to help presentation anddiscussion of risk information with patients (O'Conner et al., 2002).

# data[].attributes.subject
Decision aids e.gbooklets, tapes, videodiscs, interactive computer pro­grams, or paper based charts, to help presentation anddiscussion of risk information with patients (O'Conner et al., 2002).

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2.6 Putting the principles above into practice - Good to do so but professionals should be aware of the pitfalls (e.g framing effects) - see Edwards et al., 2002.

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2.6 Putting the principles above into practice - Good to do so but professionals should be aware of the pitfalls (e.g framing effects) - see Edwards et al., 2002.

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Avoid overload of information. Most patients, express a strong desire for information (Ende et al., 1989). But people's ability to assimilate information varies. Consider providing and discussing information over several consultations.

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Avoid overload of information. Most patients, express a strong desire for information (Ende et al., 1989). But people's ability to assimilate information varies. Consider providing and discussing information over several consultations.

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Visual presenta­tion of risk information. Studies suggest many patients prefersimple bar charts to other formats such as thermo­meter scales, crowd figures (for example, showing howmany of 100 people are affected), survival curves, or piecharts; other studies suggest people prefer presentations that lead to less accurateperceptions of risk (Lipkus & Hollands, 1999; Fortin et al., 2001).

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Visual presenta­tion of risk information. Studies suggest many patients prefersimple bar charts to other formats such as thermo­meter scales, crowd figures (for example, showing howmany of 100 people are affected), survival curves, or piecharts; other studies suggest people prefer presentations that lead to less accurateperceptions of risk (Lipkus & Hollands, 1999; Fortin et al., 2001).

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Risk information relevant to individuals is morevaluable than average population data (Edwards et al., 2000).

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Risk information relevant to individuals is morevaluable than average population data (Edwards et al., 2000).

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Use both absolute and relative risk formats.

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Use both absolute and relative risk formats.

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Number needed to treat (NNT) and Number Needed to Harm (NNH). Number Needed to Screen,Number Needed to Test, and Number (of tablets) Needed to Take (NTNT) to Prevent an adverseoutcome (Skolbekken, 1998)

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Number needed to treat (NNT) and Number Needed to Harm (NNH). Number Needed to Screen,Number Needed to Test, and Number (of tablets) Needed to Take (NTNT) to Prevent an adverseoutcome (Skolbekken, 1998)

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Present­ing info as absolute risk [%tages or integers] is advocated(Skolbekken, 1998)

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Present­ing info as absolute risk [%tages or integers] is advocated(Skolbekken, 1998)

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Relative risk should not be presented in isolation.

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Relative risk should not be presented in isolation.

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                                                      2.5.3 Formats (see Edwards et al)

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                                                      2.5.3 Formats (see Edwards et al)

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                                           2.5.2 Principles for communication of risk(see Edwards eat al.)

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                                           2.5.2 Principles for communication of risk(see Edwards eat al.)

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Define risk communication including importance

# data[].attributes.subject
Define risk communication including importance

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Are cancer risk assessment tools currently being used in primary care consultation?

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Are cancer risk assessment tools currently being used in primary care consultation?

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- not a risk assessment tool as such but used as guidance on decision making.

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2.3.4 Type of risk assessment tools in primary care (see Usher-Smith et al.

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2.3.4 Type of risk assessment tools in primary care (see Usher-Smith et al.

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2.3 Models of risk prediction (see Usher-Smith et al., 2015)

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2.3 Models of risk prediction (see Usher-Smith et al., 2015)

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Current cancer policy: emphasis on early diagnosis, public awareness and individual cancers as separatediseases.

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Current cancer policy: emphasis on early diagnosis, public awareness and individual cancers as separatediseases.

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Government interventions to improve early diagnosis

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Government interventions to improve early diagnosis

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2.2.2 Impact of the cancer reform strategy

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2.2.2 Impact of the cancer reform strategy

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2.2 Policy and practice relating to early diagnosis of cancer in primary care (see Palmer, 2013 - the impact of national policy on early diagnosis  of cancer)

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2.2 Policy and practice relating to early diagnosis of cancer in primary care (see Palmer, 2013 - the impact of national policy on early diagnosis  of cancer)

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2.8.1 Direction in terms of  developments in risk communication/how information is presented to patients

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2.8.1 Direction in terms of  developments in risk communication/how information is presented to patients

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                             2.8 Direction of travel of risk assessment tools  

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                             2.8 Direction of travel of risk assessment tools  

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Cancer risk assessment tools including development and evaluation (see Usher-Smith et al., 2015)

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Cancer risk assessment tools including development and evaluation (see Usher-Smith et al., 2015)

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CVD risk tools, e.g. Framingham equation, QRisk

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CVD risk tools, e.g. Framingham equation, QRisk

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                                            2.4 Psychological impact of risk assessment (see Shaw et al., 1999)

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                                            2.4 Psychological impact of risk assessment (see Shaw et al., 1999)

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                                        2.7 Theories of risk communication

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                                        2.7 Theories of risk communication

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Risk of over referral and over burdening of services

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Risk of over referral and over burdening of services

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                                                   2.4.1 Impact of positive and negative test result

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                                                   2.4.1 Impact of positive and negative test result

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                                              2.5 Communicating risk [see Edwards et al., 2002 : explaining risk- turning numerical data into meaningful.... ]

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                                              2.5 Communicating risk [see Edwards et al., 2002 : explaining risk- turning numerical data into meaningful.... ]

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2.3.3 Model predicting risk of a prevalent but undiagnosed disease in those with symptoms (see Usher-Smith et al., 2015) e.g some risk assessment tools designed for use in primary care consultation

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2.3.3 Model predicting risk of a prevalent but undiagnosed disease in those with symptoms (see Usher-Smith et al., 2015) e.g some risk assessment tools designed for use in primary care consultation

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                                                                     Early diagnosis relates to risk assessment - NB-define risk (see below)

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                                                                     Early diagnosis relates to risk assessment - NB-define risk (see below)

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2.3.2 Model predicting risk of incidence disease in asymptomatic individuals (see Usher Smith et al., 2015)

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2.3.2 Model predicting risk of incidence disease in asymptomatic individuals (see Usher Smith et al., 2015)

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                           2.2.1  Cancer policies

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                           2.2.1  Cancer policies