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Bernie Krause (2013). The voice of the natural world. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/uTbA-mxo858

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Bernie Krause: The voice of the natural world

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Bernie Krause has been recording wild soundscapes -- the wind in the trees, the chirping of birds, the subtle sounds of insect larvae -- for 45 years. In that time, he has seen many environments radically altered by humans, sometimes even by practices thought to be environmentally safe.

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National Geographic. (2016). Humpback whales. Retrieved from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11/humpback-whale-migration-pod-video/

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SOS (2006).

M-Audio Microtrack 24/96. Retrieved from http://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/m-audio-microtrack-2496

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Werd (2015). Rode Ixy. Retrieved from http://www.werd.com/18788/rode-ixy/

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Dearen & Chang (2013) Associated Press . Humpback whale near offshore oil platform. Retrieved from  http://www.montereyherald.com/20130804/oil-companies-fracking-off-california-coast

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TS-Market. (2009) Miniature digital audio recorder. Retrieved from http://ts-market.com/products/models/1198/

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Miniature digital audio recorder

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Couchoux (2015) Spy microphones on free-ranging chipmunks. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/articles/srep10118/figures/1

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                                       Spy Microphones 

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                                       Spy Microphones 

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Spy microphone collars have recently been used to capture differences in sounds between individuals. However, unlike most recorders, this requires trapping individual animals.

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                     WEAKNESSESS/LIMITATIONS 

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                     WEAKNESSESS/LIMITATIONS 

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Audio recorders do not typically focus on variations between individuals of the same species, but on general species characteristics (Couchoux, 2015).

Usually, audio recorders are too big to be used on small individual animals (Couchoux et al., 2015).

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Audio recorders are generally low cost and easily accessible (Aide et al., 2013).

Provides a permanent acoustic record (Aide et al., 2013)

Assists in species identification.

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    STUDY: Noise pollution and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) 

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    STUDY: Noise pollution and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) 

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Audio recorders helped to determine that sound from boat traffic and oil platforms could be interfering with humpback whale communication at breeding sites (Rossi-Santos, 2015).

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Microphone attached to iPod.

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NOAA/NEFSC (2017) Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Retrieved from http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/psb/acoustics/sounds.html

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Listen to a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) recording!

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Listen to a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) recording!

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Aide, T. M., Corrada-Bravo, C., Campos-Cerqueira, M., Milan, C., Vega, G., & Alvarez, R. (2013). Real-time bioacoustics monitoring and automated species identification. PeerJ, 1, e103. http://doi.org.proxy.lib.miamioh.edu/10.7717/peerj.103

Couchoux, C., Garant, A., Reale, D. (2015). Spying on small wildlife sounds using affordable collar-mounted miniature microphones: an innovative method to record individual daylong vocalisations in chipmunks. Sci. Rep. 5, 10118; doi: 10.1038/srep10118 (2015).

Marcos R. Rossi-Santos. (2015). Oil Industry and Noise Pollution in the Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Soundscape Ecology of the Southwestern Atlantic Breeding Ground. Journal of Coastal Research: Volume 31, Issue 1: pp. 184 – 195. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00195.1

Dybas, C. (2012). Studying Nature's Rhythms: Soundscape Ecologists Spawn New Field. NSF. doi: https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?org=NSF&cntn_id=123046&preview=false

Taylor. (2013). Tracking endangered species by sound. Popular Mechanics. doi: http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/animals/a9224/tracking-endangered-specie-by-sound-15699559/

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M-Audio MicroTrack Professional II digital recorder used in monitoring humpback whales.

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Luis-Villanueva-Rivera. (2012, February 6). Coqui Frog. Retrieved from https://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/media/images/soundscape3_r.jpg

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                                                                                                 AUDIO RECORDERS

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                                                                                                 AUDIO RECORDERS

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Audio recorders are devices that record sound. These devices have been used for wildlife monitoring and assessment.

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Let's explore some unique ways different audio recorders have been used to assess wildlife! 

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Let's explore some unique ways different audio recorders have been used to assess wildlife! 

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                                            Soundscape Ecology 

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                                            Soundscape Ecology 

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A new field has emerged called soundscape ecology. Researchers record the sounds of nature to understand landscape characteristics and evaluate the health of the environment. Soundscape ecology also studies how the addition of anthropogenic sounds can effect a landscapes ecological characteristics (Dybas, 2012).

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Nikosnature (2012, January 16). Coqui frogs UP CLOSE and LOUD! [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/LZUOiZG84c0

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        Listen to a coqui frog up close! 

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        Listen to a coqui frog up close! 

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STUDY: Puerto Rican lowland frog or coquí llanero                 (Eleutherodactylus juanariverio) sound tracking

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STUDY: Puerto Rican lowland frog or coquí llanero                 (Eleutherodactylus juanariverio) sound tracking

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Solar powered iPods with microphones are being used to track the endangered Puerto Rican lowland coqui frog. Computer models, such as the Automated Remote Biodiversity Monitoring Network (ARBIMON) analyze the data gathered (Taylor, 2013).