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"She had come to love the freedom she had achieved, the diversity of thought and acceptance of different kinds of people — even Iraqi girls like herself in head scarves."

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"Young immigrant patients have been kidnapped for ransom, witnessed beheadings and seen dying people abandoned in the Mexican desert. The new waves of youths, she said, come with backgrounds far more violent than those of the Latinos who arrived a decade ago."

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“What we have found is that resilience can be reawakened. It can be dormant,” said Rakusin, the psychotherapist. “The medicine that heals is compassion. We can open our hearts and listen.”

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"These are not teens whose families immigrated mainly for better economic prospects, as in past generations. Instead, they came to escape war, gang violence and starvation. They had seen their villages burned, their parents kidnapped and tortured, their friends shot. They had floated across the Rio Grande in darkness and been driven out of Baghdad in the middle of the night. They had run from exploding Syrian cities and walked from African villages overrun by ethnic fighting."

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The result, she said, comes out in many ways: cutting, eating disorders, depression, suicide. The children are clingy and suffer terrible nightmares. “The protective factors of routine and feeling safe aren’t there for the kids and the adults,” said Fallon Batkis, because they are in a new culture. “It’s like one giant ball of worry.”

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The result, she said, comes out in many ways: cutting, eating disorders, depression, suicide. The children are clingy and suffer terrible nightmares. “The protective factors of routine and feeling safe aren’t there for the kids and the adults,” said Fallon Batkis, because they are in a new culture. “It’s like one giant ball of worry.”

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For some victims of trauma, their entire being has been hurt, almost possessed by the trauma, and it takes time to heal.

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the strong desire to pursue this "American family norm"

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the strong desire to pursue this "American family norm"

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Narmin’s family had grabbed the immigrant dream. Her father had a good job driving trucks. They had purchased a small house, and her younger siblings now argued in English. Her mother was taking language classes at a community college. Her friend Reema was getting counseling, and by late August, was hitting the soccer field for team practice.

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"Researchers have shown that trauma damages the health of refugees. The short-term impact includes stomach aches, headaches, bad dreams, irritability, poor concentration and anxiety. Over a longer period, they face higher death rates from heart disease and diabetes.

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“When I was a child, everything is beautiful there,” Narmin recalled. “I have a special life in Baghdad."

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"Harris knew that some students were abusing drugs, that others had violent outbursts in class, and that a few seemed, at times, unable to stop crying. Pregnancies had doubled. But the teachers were so overwhelmed with the number of new students that they hadn’t been able to focus on the severity of the emotional issues."

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"These teens speak 24 languages and make up a third of the school’s student body."

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“The level of atrocities these kids are experiencing is off the map from my point of view,”

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"Some teens come to America barely literate, and many are drawn away from school by the need to earn money for their families. Less than half will pass their state high school tests, and about a quarter will drop out."

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"teachers are seeing more cases, and more extreme cases, of mental health issues — depression, anxiety and self-mutilation — than ever before"