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Turkey becomes an important meat (1000 BC)

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Turkey becomes an important meat (1000 BC)

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It is clear that around 800 BC turkeys were fully domesticated in New Mexico. While some evidence proves that in some communities it was a purely ceremonial animal whose feathers, bones, and various other aspects were used for prayer, other evidence proves that the turkey was a primary meat source for those inhibiting North America around 1000 BC (page 320). Turkey is still eaten almost ceremonial even today in North America and this dates back to over 3000 years ago. This data tells us that this tradition was long standing and important int the region.

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While weapons appeared in North America very early on with the rise of the bison, more skilled weapons did not decent until AD. These new weapons allowed the hunter to be further from their target and hunt different types of game. The bow also revolutionized protection and warfare among tribes (Blitz 1988)

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Increase in Dietary Significance of Native Cultigens (400 AD)

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Increase in Dietary Significance of Native Cultigens (400 AD)

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This was one of the most important changes to take place in the mid continent because it boosted production in settlements. Plants such as goosefoot, maygrass, erect knotweed, marsh elder, sunflower, and squash were easily storable, which dramatically changed the way settlers lived and ate (page 684). I think this change really defined human culture in this region because it really shows the use of the land that really defined generations of agriculture to come.

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Found in southwest Arizona, it is obvious that canal irrigation was used for the production of crops starting around or before 1000 AD. These canals were a way to not have to always rely on rain and be able to bank water. Canals allowed more steady crops and food source (page 691). This was a ground breaking invention in the world of agriculture that really helped define the culture in the midwest of Northern America (Native Peoples of North Americans).

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Changes in population, relations between groups, and economy are associated with the widespread of both large, and small chiefdoms in about 1000 AD. The importance of scarce beneficial land resulted in the strong lineage among tribes for favorable influence (page 686). Oftentimes rulers would rule of tens of thousands of people and be in charge of many lineages (Adas 1992).

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Chocolate is Discovered at Pueblo Bonita (1000-1125 AD)

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Chocolate is Discovered at Pueblo Bonita (1000-1125 AD)

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Trade Spreads Throughout North America (1700-1800 AD)

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Trade Spreads Throughout North America (1700-1800 AD)

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Adas, Michael. "The Peoples and Civilizations of North America." History World International. 1992. Accessed November 23, 2016. http://history-world.org/early%20america.htm.

Blitz, John H. "NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST, Vol. 9(2) Adoption of the Bow in Prehistoric North America." Anthropology.ua.edu. 1988. Accessed November 2016. http://anthropology.ua.edu/reprints/22.pdf.

"NATIVE PEOPLES of NORTH AMERICA: Farmers of the Desert West - Hohokam, Mogollon, Anasazi." NATIVE PEOPLES of NORTH AMERICA: Farmers of the Desert West - Hohokam, Mogollon, Anasazi. October 14, 2002. Accessed November 26, 2016. http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/southwest.html.

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Bison Population Becomes Huge Staple (11000-7000 BC)

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Bison Population Becomes Huge Staple (11000-7000 BC)

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During the Late Paleoindian period on the Plains there was a succession of archaeological complexes, which is know for their distinctive projectile points, all of which shared bison as their highest ranking subsistence resource. Bison populations grew dramatically at the end of the Pleisocene period with the extinction of large grazers, like the mammoth, who used to compete in the grassland. Bison are easy to hunt due to their bad eyesight which made them the optimal pray of natives, especially since their size could feed many, and their hair was thick for clothing and other necessities. This need for hunting large animals ignited the need for weapons, such as arrowheads, leading to later weaponry in years to come (page 307-308).

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It has been established that maize can be correctly dated to first appearing in Arizona and New Mexico around 2100 BC. This is of significance to human culture in North America because it is the start to a long history of agriculture (page 316). Agriculture changed North American's lives in many different ways, it opened the door for a new diet, new communities, trade, and many more aspects that shaped the life we live now.