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Source: http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/k6/do/document?urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B126452877&rendition=http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/k6/do/document?

A doctor was able to make a paralyzed man walk again by replacing one limb with a prosthetic that was able to capture and release enough myloelectricity to make the other limbs work. He was paralyzed by electricity

Scientist created "bionic" neurons that connect to the brain and spinal cord to make the leg work

When a soldier first lose their leg they go through physical therapy then the get a C-leg

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Source:http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/k6/do/document?urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B126452877&rendition=

But the micropresser doesn't connect with the central nervous system, so it doesn't know what the user desire or where the other limb is

It's better to lose and wrist more than an elbow because it is a main joint

In 1952 a Swedish orthapedic realized that you can stick a metal rod in a limb it will fuze in the body

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Source:http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/k6/do/document?urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B126452877&rendition=

95% of amputees amputation is below the limb

Stockwell's C leg allows the amputee to swing their leg without shifting their weight

A micropresser is a machine that can sense the knee's position

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Source:http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/k6/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=5&edition=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B219921369
* Hugh Herr builds prosthetics and has built prosthetics for himself. He has changed so many people's lives
*Hugh is a rock climber and had both of his legs amputated and he said that he climbs even better now after his legs were amputated.
*Hugh is working on a sensor that can be implanted in the muscle above the prosthesis that measures electrical signals from the spinal cord, and sends it to the muscle.

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(9) Category Problems with Future Prosthetics with a Solution 

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(9) Category Problems with Future Prosthetics with a Solution 

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Source:http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/k6/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B189999735
* Scientists have surgically connected electrodes to the nervous system, but it hurt the body's tissues and the implant failed within months.
* The electrodes didn't carry as much data, so if the implant even did work the electrodes wouldn't be able to give the brain as much data as the optical fibers would.
*Optical fibers would send a pulse and light like Morse Code to tell the brain what the person is touching.

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(8) Category: Prosthetics aren't just for humans

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(8) Category: Prosthetics aren't just for humans

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Source:http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA280558250&docType=Article&sort=RELEVANCE-SORT&contentSegment=&prodId=ITKE&contentSet=GALE%7CA280558250&searchId=R1&userGroupName=nysl_ro_rrlib&inPS=true
* A horse in Louisiana was attacked by a dog and her leg had to be amputated and now she has a prosthetic leg, she is one of the few horses that can walk with a prosthetic leg.
*There are even bionic beaks for birds
* The dolphin named Winter got her tail caught in a crab trap and one of the world's leading prosthetic creators thought that if they could put prosthetics on people why not do it on a dolphin tail.

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Source:http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com/discoweb/disco/do/article?urn=urn%3Asirs%3AUS%3BARTICLE%3BART%3B0000113691
* John Sabolich is a researcher in Oklahoma City and hopes one day that there will be prosthetics that can feel hot and cold temperatures.
* Dr. Donald Lyons is trying to create an artificial nervous system to put in prosthetic arms using fiber optics
* Other scientists and professors are developing regulated knees, pressure-sensitive hands and flexible feet.

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http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/k6/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=9&edition=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B126452877

Russians had the lead in prosthetics during WW2 because they knew about myloelectricity

Electrodes placed on the arm could detect the myloelectricity signals and sends then to the battery powered prosthetic to make it open and close

Downfall is that it jerked up and down and only could move a  piece at a time EX). Ankle / Elbow

Motions are slower when the amputee is concentrating making it harder to do simple things

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Source:http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com/discoweb/disco/do/article?urn=urn%3Asirs%3AUS%3BARTICLE%3BART%3B0000213435
* Bethany Hamilton had lost her arm in a tiger shark attack 2003.
* James "Chad" Crittenden had rare form of cancer and had to have his right leg amputated. He completed a triathlon and was on the T.V show Survivor.
*  Sarah Reinersten was born with a leg that was shorter than the other, and by age 7 doctors amputated her shorter leg, now she's the first woman to compete in the Ironman Kona.
* Heather Mills was struck down by a police motorcycle that was responding to a call, and lost her leg below the knee. She was a model and then the wife of the Beatles Paul McCartney.
*Terry Fox lost his right leg due to cancer, but the disease took his life and wasn't able to run in the "Marathon of Hope".

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(6). Category: Arm and Legs and Other Prosthetics 

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(6). Category: Arm and Legs and Other Prosthetics 

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Source: http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com/discoweb/disco/do/article?urn=urn%3Asirs%3AUS%3BARTICLE%3BART%3B0000310474

A bionic ankle uses motorized springs to work and you don't have to be an amputee to have it

The RHEO is a prosthetic knee that can morph itself to fit the amputee's walking style/ ability and determine the terrain the are standing/ walking on

There are bionic eyes, tongues, pancreases, and white blood cells to kill cancer cells

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(5) Category: Mental and Physical Ability After Amputation

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(5) Category: Mental and Physical Ability After Amputation

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Source:http://www.amputee-coalition.org/resources/prosthetic-faqs-for-the-new-amputee/
* In a few months you should be able to function the same way you did before the amputation.
*The first 6 months to a year will be rehabilitation, but after that amputees should be able to do their regular activities that they did before.
* If the amputees mind set is positive and they have certain goals they will go back to normal life mentally rather than someone with depression and PTSD or just someone that doesn't think they can go through the rehab.

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Source: http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com/discoweb/disco/do/article?urn=urn%3Asirs%3AUS%3BARTICLE%3BART%3B0000310474

FILMskin is an artificial skin that can be used on an artificial limb, is water resistant and contains sensors that can distinguish pressure and temperature and was created by NASA and Oak Ridge Laboratory

During the Olympics amputee competitors wear a cheetah blade made by a specific company called the Icelandic Company

Dr. Todd Kuiklen created a bionic arm that connects to the healthy motor nerves in what's left of the limb Ex). When they think about moving the prosthetics the brain send a message to the motor nerves then to the prosthetic to move it

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(4) Category: After Prosthetics are Made 

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(4) Category: After Prosthetics are Made 

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Source:http://hortonsoandp.com/custom-limbs-how-are-prosthetics-made/
* After a patient is fitted for their custom prosthesis they have to go through physical therapy to learn how to use their new limb.
* Learning to walk with a prosthetic leg can be very difficult for a person, and learning how to grab/grip things can be hard for people with a prosthetic arm.
* In physical therapy patients also learn how to use their new limb in everyday situations.

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Sources:http://hortonsoandp.com/custom-limbs-how-are-prosthetics-made/
*Acrylic resin, carbon fiber, thermoplastics, silicone, aluminum, and titanium are create the limb
* Foam can cover the limb and a flexible skin- like  cove would go over the foam making the limb more life like, but doctors say it's not a medical necessity.
* Patients have to come back after a while for the limb/limbs to be adjusted for a proper fit.

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(4). Category: Timeline Source: Artificial Limbs by Susan H. Gray 

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(4). Category: Timeline Source: Artificial Limbs by Susan H. Gray 

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1700's - James Potts created the Angesey Leg or the "Clapper Leg".

During the Civil War amputation was the most common surgery

1812- The USA cleared a law that the states will pay for a soldier's prosthetics

1945- The U.S. created better prosthetics for the common people

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(3). Category: Timeline Source: Artificial Limbs  by Susan H. Gray  

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(3). Category: Timeline Source: Artificial Limbs  by Susan H. Gray  

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Before the 1500's- you would get a hook as a hand and your leg would be a peg

1504 a hand was created but, the fingers couldn't move

During the 1500's Ambroise Pare a barber surgeon designed a hand that allowed the fingers to move with springs

1696 Peter Verduyn created an artificial leg with hinges

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(2) Category: Before Prosthetics are Made                      

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(2) Category: Before Prosthetics are Made                      

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Source:http://hortonsoandp.com/custom-limbs-how-are-prosthetics-made/
*  Before the prosthetist  makes the limb he/she must measure the patients limb before they have the limb amputated.

*  Post-operative dressing which consists of compressive garment to guide fluid evacuation of the residual limb which helps with the healing.
*After the wound is healed the prosthetist uses a plaster mold or hollow cast, then the prosthetist uses the mold design to create a wearable interface.
* A clear plastic replica is made from the modified mold which will be tested to fit the prosthesis during phases of fabrication

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(2).Category: Basic Information. Source: The History of Medicine by Micheal Woods.

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(2).Category: Basic Information. Source: The History of Medicine by Micheal Woods.

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3 million people in the United States are amputees

Phantom Limb is when the amputee feels pain where the limb was cut off

Van Phillips created Oscar Pistorius's blade for his Olympic carrier.

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(1) Category: Sports    Source: Spare Parts for  People by Michael C. Harris

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(1) Category: Sports    Source: Spare Parts for  People by Michael C. Harris

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Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics_of_Oscar_Pistorius'_running_blades  http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/02/tech/innovation/prosthetics-mecha-athletes/

Cheetah Blade is used  for running but Pistorius's blade is used for competitive running

Carbon fiber is a lightweight material used in Sports equipment. It's also used in the Pistorius's blade,but there must be a  strength to weight ratio.

When prosthetics first were invented they weren't comfortable and were very heavy which made it hard for people to run.

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 (1).Category: Basic Information. Source: Spare Parts for People by Michael C. Harris. 

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 (1).Category: Basic Information. Source: Spare Parts for People by Michael C. Harris. 

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Legs are made of titanium, aluminum, carbon fiber

Hardest part of creating legs is where the sockets meet because it needs to be able to conduct myoelectricty  from the muscle

Myoelectricity is when  the electrical pulses from the muscle controls the artificial limb

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How has the evolvement of prosthetic affected the amputee's abilities?

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Below knee: BK, transtbial
Above knee: AK, transfemoral
Below elbow: BE, transradial
Above elbow: AE, transhumeral