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This amendment prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude. Congress also has the right to enforce this amendment. It is important to note that this amendment grants no rights beyond freedom from slavery. Before 1865, there were attempts to end slavery slowly by announcing that new slave states would no longer be accepted into the United States. Later, people did try to add an amendment abolishing slavery, but it was not popular.

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This amendment was intended to extend  rights to everyone, regardless of  their race. After the 13th amendment was passed, southern states created restrictive "Black Codes" which limited the freedom of African Americans.
The 14th amendment extends citizenship to those born or naturalized in the states and it guarantees due process for all. It  repealed the three-fifths clause and called restricted representation in the electoral college to white males over the age of 21.

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States were restricting the ability of minorities to vote by using literacy tests, poll taxes, etc. The 15th amendment prohibits any interference with a citizen's right to vote, no matter their national origin or race.

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In 1945, Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play major league baseball. Jackie Robinson had a large impact on the civil rights movement because he paved the way toward ending segregation. While some were accepting, there was still opposition to allowing an African American to play professional baseball.

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Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948)

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Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948)

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Truman issued a law which eliminated racial discrimination of the armed forces which eventually led to the total desegregation of the armed forces.

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Emmett Till was an African American killed by two white men for supposedly making advances toward a white woman. Till was beaten and shot to death. His mother caused the public to be outraged by leaving the casket open at the funeral so the world could see the injustice. Neither of the men who committed the crime were punished. This was one of the last brutal crimes of the Jim Crow era and it was a turning point in the American Civil Rights movement.

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Rosa Parks sparked the Civil Rights movement by refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man. She was arrested for this due to the strong following of Jim Crow laws. The same day, MLK Jr. organized a bus boycott in response to the injustice.

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In Little Rock Arkansas, nine African Americans were being admitted to a high school in order to begin desegregation in ordinance with the Brown vs the Board of Education court case. However, the nine students were prevented from entering by the state national guard. The mayor obtained a court order to allow the kids into the school but the segregationists persisted. President Eisenhower denounced the school for being disgraceful but the blockade continued. The Little Rock 9 went to school with military supervision but were constantly harassed.

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A group of African American college students were refused of service at a Woolworth's lunch counter so they sat at the counter until the restaurant closed. The next day, more people joined them and the movement soon spread to lunch counters around the country. The restaurants began desegregating in response.

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Freedom rides were organized interstate bus rides to challenge Jim Crow laws. The freedom riders used nonviolent protest by taking long bus rides through the southern states in complete compliance with the laws as they fought segregation. The freedom riders successfully ensured that the anti discriminatory language of the Interstate Commerce Act was followed.

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In Birmingham, Alabama, civil rights activists held boycotts, demonstrations and protests. Many people were arrested for their nonviolent actions. Negotiations were made between the government and the protesters stating that public places would be desegregated. JFK backed the effort to end discrimination. These protests motivated civil rights demonstrations across the country.

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Hundreds of thousands of Americans attended a political rally in D.C. to fight for minorities' jobs and freedom. MLK jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech here. It was largely a success in that people of all colors and religions were brought together and a year later, a new civil rights act was passed.

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MLK Jailed (Letter from Birmingham Jail) (1963)

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MLK Jailed (Letter from Birmingham Jail) (1963)

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MLK was arrested for breaking a law against mass public demonstrations. In jail, he wrote a letter that decried the injustices he faced. This letter was made popular and widely published. It sparked a new wave in the Civil Rights Movement.

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This amendment eliminates federal poll taxes. It extends the rights of minorities to vote because it

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This act banned employment discrimination based on race, religion, color, sex, or national origin. This was a huge step forward for the Civil Rights Movement.

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This act fully guarantees voting rights to all Americans. This includes eliminating the necessity of poll taxes, literacy tests, or any other means of restricting one's ability to vote.

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EEOC - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1965) 

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EEOC - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1965) 

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This was an organization created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that aimed to eliminate discriminatory hiring. It is a federal organization which enforces civil rights laws.

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This act helped African Americans gain full voting rights and banned discrimination in housing, transportation, and education.

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MLK was waving to a crowd from his balcony when he was shot in Memphis, Tennessee. The day before, he had given a rousing speech. King's death sparked riots and looting across the nation, ending the idealistic phase of the civil rights movement. James Earl Ray jr. was convicted of killing MLK Jr, however it is not certain who was truly guilty.

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This case protects the rights of the amish community. It was ruled that amish families could not be legally required to send their kids to public school past the eighth grade to uphold their religious beliefs.

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This court case extends the rights to personal privacy and allows women to choose to have an abortion without interference from the law.