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The Real Scorpion King | National Geographic

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1.       The first king of the 1st Dynasty, perhaps even the first to have ruled over the whole of Egypt

2.       Narmer’s name has also been found outside Egypt, in Syria-Palestine,

3.       A king named “Scorpion”, whose name is recorded on a ceremonial macehead found at Hierakonpolis, is sometimes interpreted as a predecessor of Narmer.

4.       Narmer Palette,  this object depicts the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt into the “Kingdom of the Two Lands” under the divine king.

5.       Many experts consider, Menes and Narmer are the same person
Other facts: A stone vessel found in the Step Pyramid of Djoser dates to the reign of Narmer, with that Djoser had those vessels placed in his tomb to stress his link with the founder of pharaonic Egypt.
It is generally assumed that Narmer was married to a queen named Neithhotep, It was once thought that he was married to Neithhotep.
According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.

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Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt

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1. First genius in recorded history
2. Chief vizier and most trusted advisor of the pharaoh Djoser
3 High priest of the God Ra. Author of texts that inspired people for education
4. Chief architect in the kingdom and the architect of the first step pyramid
5. First physician - after his death he became a god of medicine and later god of education and knowledge.

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•Djoser (Netjerikhet, Tosorthos, Sesorthos)

•Reign -19-30 years

•Period of stability achievement and unity

•Painted limestone statue of Djoser the oldest discovered life sized Egyptian statue

•Step Pyramid at Saqqara/ The funerary complex

•Known to Egyptians as the "opener of stone“

•Story of “The Famine”

•Military expeditions to the  Sinai Peninsula

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This article is about the Egyptian pharaoh. For the cryptographic hash function, see Snefru.

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Many elements of his life, his biography is largely incomplete and there are some contradictions in his description. Here you have facts about him and his personality:
1.  Khufu could have ruled for 27 or 34 years at most.
2. Good skills at commanding human resources.
3. Cruel and wicked leader (Herodotus).
4. Good-natured, friendly to his inferiors (Westcar Papyrus).
5. He liked to depict big constructions to represent probably his power and allow people to remember him along the time.

Relation with different layers
Based on data and the aforementioned:

1.  He rejected slavery.

2. He had the people's confidence in general.

3. State control was stronger on the high officials.

4. He included members of the royal family in the highest positions of the state.

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The longest reign of Pharaoh - 94 years

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2181 BCE, end of Old Kingdom, beginning of the First Intermediate Period 

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2181 BCE, end of Old Kingdom, beginning of the First Intermediate Period 

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(2081–1938 BCE) Egypt's XI dinasty, Mentuhotep II (ruled 2008–1957 BCE)

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(2081–1938 BCE) Egypt's XI dinasty, Mentuhotep II (ruled 2008–1957 BCE)

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1.      Mentohotep II re-united the Egypt after 60 years of warfare.

2.      During his reign he has conquered North Nubia as well.

3.      To consolidate the unification, Mentuhotep received the submission of Middle Egypt’s local governors, most of whom he left in office, thereby establishing a series of powerful provincial families during the early Middle Kingdom. Thebes became the national capital, and Mentuhotep’s loyal supporters received the key government posts; he also accepted partisans of the defeated Heracleopolitans who demonstrated loyalty to the new order.

4.      Reunification was followed by great expansion in trade and building.

5.      Mentuhotep II is considered to be one of the greatest kings Egypt has ever seen and this was discovered through his mortuary temple which had continued to be used up until the 19th dynasty, which is around 700 years after his death.

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period of reunification begins

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Personality:

1. Former vizier, who became King and founder of the 12th dynasty (1938–c. 1756 BCE).

2. Moved the capital from Thebes and founded a more central residence at Itj-tawy (south of Memphis), while Thebes remained a great religious center.

3. Was the first king, who introduced smooth succession of kings’ line by making each successor co-regent (in the 20th year of his reign, Amenemhet I made Sesostris I, his son, coregent).

4. Undertook building projects including military fortresses and mining quarries; returned to pyramid-building in the tradition of the Old Kingdom.

5. Was assassinated in a palace coup (the assassination attempt is well described in the Instruction of Amenemhet, a political piece cast as an address of Amenemhet to Sesostris – his son).

Social interaction:

1. Consolidated the Egyptian unity after the 1st intermediate period.

2. Tried to limit the local Nomarch’s power, replaced many of them by his supporters; defined the new borders between the nomes.

3. Pursued an aggressive foreign policy: went to war against Palestine, Nubia and Libya; Started colonizing Nubia (with its rich supply of gold, ebony, ivory and other resources).

4. Under his reign, the copper mines in Sinai were worked, and punitive raids were made against the local Bedouin tribes.

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1. Senusret I was known by his prenomen Kheperkare, which means "The Soul of Re comes into Being”

2. Oldest obelisk in Egypt, was constructed by Senusret I

3. Neferu was his sister and wife also, Neferu is the mother of Amenemhat II who successed Senusret I.

4. He was considered as peaceful and prosperous phraoh for Egypt,
5. He established central government, by giving power also individual regions, but making them know that he is the King.

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Senusret III (c. 1878-1860 BCE, also known as Senwosret III, Sesostris III)

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Ideal warrior-king - "Invincible"

Golden Age in Egypt's history

Expeditions into N ubia,  Palestine and Syria increased trade relations with those regions

Social interrelations:

1) Decreased the number of nomes
2) Divided the country into three large districts
3) The middle class formation period
4) Stability and affluence inspired artists and artisans to greater heights of creativity

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1) Described for the first time in Egyptian history, as a woman-pharaoh. She made no attempt to depict herself as a man.
2) 4 years reign (1760-1756 BCE) - End of 12th Dinasty.
3) Successional problems. Excessive length of the reings of Sesostris III and Ammenemes III (50 years each).
4) A sister and probably a wife of Ammenemes IV (10 years reing).
5) Established a religious and economic center in the Fayoum (related with crocodiles ).

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1786 BCE, end of Middle Kingdom, beginning of the Second Intermediate Period

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1786 BCE, end of Middle Kingdom, beginning of the Second Intermediate Period

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The history of Egypt - The Hyksos Invasion l Lessons of Dr. David Neiman

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New Kingdom (1540-1070) | The Ancient Egypt Site

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The New Kingdom was Egypt’s age of conquest and empire.

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Apepi I (1575-1540 BCE) 15th dynasty pharaoh of Lower Egypt

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Apepi I (1575-1540 BCE) 15th dynasty pharaoh of Lower Egypt

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1. Apepi I of Hyksos dynasty, ruled for 40 years, outlived Kamose, but not Ahmose I, though traded peacefully with upper Egypt.
2. While he might have exerted dominance over Upper Egypt during the beginning of his reign, south eventually assumed control over his region, and the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt no more than fifteen years after his death.
3. Usurper of monuments.
4. First monotheistic King?!
5. Tried to have peace with the upper Egypt, Marrying his daughter to a Theban king.

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1. First in the New Kingdom, founder 18th Dynasty.
2. Completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Nile Delta.
3. Moved the Capital to Thebes (the religious as well as the political center of the country)
4.reopened quarries, mines and trade routes
5. Constructed the last pyramid built by native Egyptian rulers.

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1. Another name was Neferneferuaten
2. Wife of King Akhenaten
3. She and Akhenaten produced six daughters, a female royal contingent that enjoyed unusual prominence during Akhenaten’s reign
4. Nefertiti is frequently shown making offerings to the Aten without her husband, suggesting that she possessed an unusual level of autonomy in the Egyptian court
5. As stated in the Great Hymn, the king was intended to function as the intermediary for the Aten on earth, which suggests Nefertiti was his female equivalent in this role.
Other facts:
Nefertiti may have maintained a position of influence even after her husband’s death. Many scholars suggest she even was one of Akhenaten’s successors and reigned under the name Neferneferuaten. Between Akhenaten’s last year on the throne and the time that Tutankhamun became pharaoh, we know two distinct kings briefly reigned under the names of Neferneferuaten and Smenkhkare. Confusingly, these two kings shared the same prenomen when Nefeneferuaten’s was abbreviated, which led scholars initially to believe they were the same person. However, consensus now holds that Neferneferuaten was not the same person as Smenkhkare and that she actually was a female pharaoh based on the feminine endings on some of her epithets and the feminine spelling of her prenomen.

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The most Iconic Pharaoh
The last member of 18th royal dynasty
Was suffered from multiple deasses
Short reign, restore ancient Egyptian religion from "Aten to Amun-Re"
Relocated the capital city from Amarna to Thebes
Died without leaving heir
The most famous due to his intact  tomb

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Seti I-st 1294-1279 BCE

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1085 BCE, end of New Kingdom, beginning of the Third Intermediate Period

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1085 BCE, end of New Kingdom, beginning of the Third Intermediate Period

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The Sea People Invasion