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1.NOAA Fisheries. North Atlantic Right Whale. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/north-atlantic-right-whale
2.IUCN. North Atlantic Right Whale. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41712/178589687
3. Wired. The Ultimate Carbon-Saving Tip? Travel by Cargo Ship.  https://www.wired.com/story/the-ultimate-carbon-saving-tip-travel-by-cargo-ship/
4. Smithsonian. North Atlantic Right Whales Now Listed as 'Critically endangered'. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/right-whales-now-listed-critically-endangered-180975315/
5. CFC. Shipping Routes from China. https://cargofromchina.com/shipping-routes/
6.NOAA. Recovery Plan For North Atlantic Whale.

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/recovery-plan-north-atlantic-right-whale-eubalaena-glacialis
7.NOAA. Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan.
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/new-england-mid-atlantic/marine-mammal-protection/atlantic-large-whale-take-reduction-plan
8.MMPA. Marine Mammal Protection Act.
https://www.fws.gov/international/laws-treaties-agreements/us-conservation-laws/marine-mammal-protection-act.html
9. CITES. The CITES Appendices.
https://cites.org/eng/app/index.php
10. CITES. How CITES Works.
https://cites.org/eng/disc/how.php
11.ECOS. North Atlantic Right Whale.
https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/159
12. ESA. Endangered Species Act.
https://www.fws.gov/international/laws-treaties-agreements/us-conservation-laws/endangered-species-act.html

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North Atlantic Right Whales are an Endangered species. There are under 370 left worldwide. Many scientists believe that Right whales have gone fully extinct in the eastern North Atlantic and now survive only along the east coast of the US and Canada.

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Biological Characteristics and Population 

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Biological Characteristics and Population 

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Right Whales Communicate through low-frequency moans, groans, and pulses. Ocean noises from human activities can interfere with their communication and increase their stress levels.

These Whales are Migratory which also makes them easier to track for whale hunters.

Scientists hypothesize that the females are stressed because of anthropogenic interactions, causing a decline in Right Whale birth rates. Additionally there are only about 100 breeding females currently and the female mortality rate is high.
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The North Atlantic Right Whale is Secondary Consumer as its diet mainly consists of zooplankton, which are Primary Consumers. As Plankton populations shift due to climate change, the habitable area for these whales will change as well.
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Ships can strike and kill the whales who often feed close to the surface, leaving detrimental and irreversible injuries

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The leading cause of Right Whale deaths is due to fishing operations. Right Whales swim with their mouths open to catch prey such as copepods and zooplankton, and fishing lines become easily entangled with fishing lines that connect to lobster and crab traps

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Being slow-moving, Right Whales were severely threatened by hunting in the 19th and 20th centuries, being poached for oil and baleen

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Right Whales migrate in the summer from their calving grounds in Georgia and Florida to the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy, but as the has ocean warmed copepod populations have shifted north, causing the whales to follow their food source further north to the Gulf of St. Lawrence

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Map of the geographic range of the North Atlantic Right Whale. Without anthropogenic impacts, this would be the complete habitat of the whale

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The ultimate goal of this recovery plan is to promote the recovery of North Atlantic right whales to be removed from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the ESA. The intermediate goal is to reclassify the species from endangered to threatened. This will be inforced via restrictions on where and how gear can be set, requiring outreach to inform and collaborate with fishermen and other stakeholders, requiring research into whale populations and whale behavior, as well as fishing gear interactions and modifications, and requiring the use of weak links and sinking groundline, gear marking, seasonal area closures, and a minimum number of traps per trawl.

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All marine mammals are protected under the MMPA. The MMPA prohibits the take of marine mammals in U.S. waters and by U.S. citizens and the importation of marine mammals and marine mammal products into the U.S.

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CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to certain controls. All import, export, re-export and introduction from the sea of species covered by the Convention has to be authorized through a licensing system. Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered.

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Fishing and Cargo ship routes create the fragmentation and degradation of the habitat of the North Atlantic Right Whale

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Within the ESA, the National Marine Fisheries Service is the lead Federal agency responsible for managing this species. They have no set recovery plan but constantly monitor the species.

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Conservation organizations recommend that reducing the number of vertical lines from fishing gear in the water and requiring ships to reduce their speed will help save the species

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During Trump's term, he vowed to defend the U.S. lobster and crab industry, meaning the administration will likely not advocate for measures to protect the whales at the expense of fisheries in the area. This said, he never followed through with his claims.

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