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By taking public transport reduces not only the noise level and reduces noise pollution , it also reduces the amount of carbon dioxide released into the environment. Public transport have the ability to transfer more people to their destination with lesser usage of fuel compared to everyone driving their own private vehicles. Hence it is more environmentally friendly and helps improve the road.

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Road pricings are when charges that are levied vehicles according to time and congestion levels on highways.

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Certificate of entitlement is the quota licence for owning a vehicle in Singapore.

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This website shows the development of HDBs today and shows the improvement from years ago.

I can say that this shows how important it is to grow greenery in neighbourhoods and the impact of it on them. it beautifies the neighbourhood and provides a cooler environment. It sometimes can also be used as a recreation activity for example, gardening.

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this website shows the reasons and causes to singapore in the 90's to having informal housings and a bad living environment.

I can learn that in order to keep singapore clean and maintain its impressive environment for housings, we have to make plans to build housings and use sustainable materials that are stronger and tougher to withstand weathers. example we should not use cardboard and other weak materials to build if we want the housings to sustain for a long period of time.

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Faced with crumbling buildings and urban squalor at Independence, far-sighted planning and sustainable development laid the groundwork for a green global city and an endearing home for all Singaporeans.

In 1974, URD became an independent statutory board, the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), under the Ministry of National Development. Its main task was to redevelop the Central Area and resettle affected residents to new locations. Between 1967 and 1989, URA vacated and sold a total of 184 hectares of land; the resulting 155 development projects transformed the Central Area into a modern financial and business hub. Through the Government Land Sales (GLS) Programme, the Government has used the sale of land to steer and implement urban development plans through the private sector. The OUB Centre and OCBC Centre are two examples from this early period of Singapore's urban transformation that still stand today.

In the late 1980s, there was a deliberate and comprehensive overhaul of Singapore's land planning system and institutions. In 1989, the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) Act was amended to amalgamate URA, the Ministry of National Development's Planning Department and its Research and Statistics Unit. This reorganisation laid the foundations for an integrated land planning authority that could plan on a national level for Singapore as a whole, beyond just the Central Area the old URA had been primarily responsible for. Its immediate task was to formulate the 1991 Concept Plan - often regarded as Singapore's watershed plan, as it was the first time that the local planning authority would be drafting the Plan on its own. The Plan would map out physical land use for a period of 40 to 50 years, on the basis of an ultimate population size of 4 million.

Unlike the 1971 Concept Plan, which mainly involved government agencies, the 1991 version featured a concerted effort to solicit views from the non-government sector, including the private sector and academia. This consultative approach was intended to "tap the ideas, skills and experience of the private sector" and "ensure that the land use plan in each zone [took] into account the opinions and ideas of all interested sectors of [Singapore] society".

The 1991 Concept Plan articulated the audacious idea that land use should be integrated with transport planning, in tandem with the decentralisation of commercial activities from the city's Central Area. Decentralisation would help to ease congestion in the city centre. Public transport would play a central role in the growth of the city:

The 1991 Concept Plan made it clear that Singapore's entire urban system must have public transit as the first organising principle. Therefore, the planning and allocation of the most intensive and activity-generating uses were at the most accessible locations by mass transit... the interchange stations where two or three MRT lines meet.
- Mr John Keung,
Deputy CEO, URA (1996-2001)

Edward L. Glaeser, Triumph of the City: How Out Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier and Happier (New York: Penguin Press, 2011).

In an era of progress and prosperity, however, scarcity could lose its motivating force in the national consciousness. Singapore, the global city of today, is facing political, social and cultural challenges that former Minister for Foreign Affairs, the late Mr S. Rajaratnam, anticipated 40 years ago, when he first coined the term "global city" to describe Singapore's future aspirations:

Laying the economic infrastructure of a Global City may turn out to be the easiest of the many tasks involved in creating such a city. But the political, social and cultural adjustments such a city would require to enable men to live happy and useful lives in them may demand a measure of courage, imagination and intelligence which may or may not be beyond the capacity of its citizens. ⁵¹

As material needs are met, other priorities and anxieties may take hold. Yet while the physical dimension of Singapore's urban transformation over the past 50 years has been remarkable, we should remember that our nation-building project has always been about much more than merely roads, flats, trains and infrastructure. The past 50 years have represented a herculean effort to transcend and overcome not only physical but also social constraints and limitations, "creating a country where none had been intended". Our core Singapore institutions such as public housing and our clean, green and inclusive environment can help preserve and regenerate our sense of who we are as Singaporeans even as we move into an uncertain, complex future:

Email from Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of National Development, Benny Lim, "PS50 Book - Covering the Key Elements", April 10, 2015.

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Faced with crumbling buildings and urban squalor at Independence, far-sighted planning and sustainable development laid the groundwork for a green global city and an endearing home for all Singaporeans. In 1974, URD became an independent statutory board, the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), under the Ministry of National Development.

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The land prices are normally cheap or completely free, due to the lack of access to a lot of facilities and transport. They

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Expensive, as they need to pay for the access of modern needs around them, e.g. transportation(subways, MRTs, taxis)
they also need to directly buy the land and housings from the goverment in order to obtain a formal housing

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Located in places far from cities, normally deserted. The place would have access to unsafe water that people drink to survive from. The place would be crowded with bad quality housings sprinkled everywhere.

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Located in places that are built up,cities, neighbourhoods. These places have access to modern transportation, different types of facilities, e.g. professional health care hospitals, playgrounds, community clubs.

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Positive:
- Cheap
- More freedom
- Better environment
- Lesser crowds
- Produce fresh crops

Negative:
- Less built up
- Lack of facilities
- Lesser jobs available
- Unsafe housing
- Illegal
- No access to formal education
- Bad quality housing
- No access to modern transport
- No access to recreation facilities

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Positive:
- Access to recreation facilities
- Access to education
- Technological innovation
- More different types of jobs available
- Is legal
- Good quality housing / sustainable work
- Safe housing
- Modern transport available

Negative:
- Air pollution
- Very crowded
- Light pollution
- Noise pollution
- Air pollution,

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- Clean environment
- Access to crops grown naturally without chemicals added in factories
- Not crowded all the time

- Not many jobs
- Lack of exposure to modern technology
- No advanced healthcare

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- Access to modern health care
- Convenient transports accessible to people
- Good education system
- Many different types of jobs for people

- Air pollution
- Crowded everywhere

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1- Large sized and high population density
2- Built up area
3- Links among neighbourhood
4- Many different and modern transport options available for the citizens
5- Modern technology used often in urban areas
6- Good housing quality

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An urban area is a human settlement with a high population density and infrastructure of built environment.

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A place with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, and not located adjacent to an urban area.

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A rural area is an open swath of land that has very few homes and other buildings and a low population

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A sustainable city is a city designed with consideration for social, economic ,environmental impact and resilient habitat for existing populations, without compromising the ability of future generations to experience the same.

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1- Resources and services in the city are accessible to all.
2- Public transport is seen as a viable alternative to cars.
3- Public transport is safe and reliable.
4- Walking and cycling is safe.
5- Areas of open space are safe, accessible and enjoyable.

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The main cause of climate change is the production of greenhouse gases which are mainly produced by e.g cars, factories, power stations, burning of fossil fuels

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The rising of temperatures due to the production of greenhouse gases( carbon dioxide) this causes damage to the environment, damages like, melting of polar ice, rising sea levels and air pollution.

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1- convenient travelling even without a vehicle
2- access to public resources and green spaces are provided
3- Sustainable energy

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Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global ecosystems to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.