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Devised in the early 1900s by Ferdinand de Saussure.

Language components are connected to one another and get their meaning from that relationship.

To fully understand language, one must understand its structures.

Parts of language work collaboratively in order for it to make sense because they are interrelated.

Parts have different meanings when in isolation.

E.g.: the girl walked to school rather than the girl school walked.

Implications: suited for early elementary learners

Relies on rote memory.

(Forstall, 2019)

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Introduced in the 1980s by Noam Chomsey.

two principles:

Speaker/hearers’ knowledge of language

knowledge goes beyond what the learner receives from input.

All languages have Universal Grammar (UG) in common.

Individuals have an innate ability from childhood for L1 UG.

Humans only build on that language knowledge and capacity from the input they receive.

Children have an innate ability to comprehend language unconsciously.

E.g.: Individuals with English in L1 may learn this sentence, “Mary lost the keys”.

The Japanese language in L1 will hear the same sentence as “Mary keys lost”.

Implications: whether individuals continue to have these innate abilities in SLA after childhood.

(Saville-Troike & Barto, 2017)

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Devised in the 1950s by M. A. K. Halliday.

Differs from Structural Linguistics:

Focuses more on communication rather than sets language rules.

Emphasis on real situations and performances.

SLA occurs when L2 communication abilities develop.

Views SLA as adding meaning to what has already been acquired in L1.

Some approaches include:

Systemic Linguistics: Language can only be studied in social contexts.

Functional Typology: Individuals essentially learn meaning rather than language structures.

(Saville-Troike & Barto, 2017)

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Forstall, M. (2019, May 22). The structuralist approach in teaching english.The Classroom. https://www.theclassroom.com/structuralist-approach-teaching-english-8716712.html.

Hamad, S. (2016, April 14). How noam chomsky betrayed the syrian people. The New Humanitarian. https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/syria/community/2016/04/14/how-noam-chomsky-betrayed-the-syrian-people.

Shameem, T. (2018, September 26). Ferdinand de Saussure quick facts. Tanvir’s Blog. https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2018/09/ferdinand-de-saussure-quick-facts.html.

Shameem, T. (2019, July 11). Michael halliday quick facts. Tanvir’s Blog. https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2019/07/michael-halliday-quick-facts.html.

Saville-Troike, M. and Barto, K. (2017). Introducing second language acquisition (Third Edition). Cambridge University Press.