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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie were shot to death by a Bosnian Serb nationalist during an official visit to the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. Archduke Franz's last words were “It's nothing!” Before he died due to blood loss (Eyewitnesstohistory.com). This was a huge tragedy and set off a chain of events leading to the First World War.

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 First Internment Camp for “Enemy Aliens”

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 First Internment Camp for “Enemy Aliens”

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People residing in Canada who were born in enemy countries stayed in Internment Camps. The first one opened in Fort Henry, ON on August 18th, 1914. Immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Ukraine were locked away in internment camps. More than 8,000 people who considered themselves Canadian were imprisoned for being “enemy aliens.” (Tahirali). The photo shows one of the diaries kept by one of the prisoners.

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On April 20th, 1915, German soldiers released poisonous chlorine gas against the Canadian lines during the second battle of Ypres in Belgium in spite of some opposition to its use from both sides. Soldiers who breathe in the gas have their lungs painfully burned and many choke to death due to a buildup of fluid. There were over 130,000 casualties in this devastating battle (Roy).

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John McCrae of Guelph, ON, wrote the famous poem "In Flanders Fields." It was composed in 20 minutes at Ypres and first published in December 1915 in the English magazine Punch. This poem symbolized the sacrifice of all who fought in the war and was made to commemorate them. Soldiers that survived the Battle of Ypres said “It is a great and powerful tribute to the soldiers that lost their lives.” (Veterans.gc.ca).

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On January 28, 1916, the Lieutenant Governor passed into law the right of Manitoba women to vote and to put themselves forward as candidates in provincial elections. Over 500,000 women were allowed to vote on this revolutionary day (Thecanadianencyclopedia). The photo shows the document signed by the Canadian government allowing women to vote and run for office.

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The Battle of Verdun began. It was the longest and one of the bloodiest battles of WWI. It ended in December 1916 after 328 500 French and 348 000 Germans had died in action (Bidou). This photo shows a damaged battle helmet worn by one of the soldiers during the battle.

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On Easter Monday April 9th 1917, four Canadian divisions and one British brigade captured Vimy Ridge, near Arras, France, with a loss of 3578 killed and 7000 wounded (Thecanadianencyclopedia). It was a brilliant victory for the Canadians, who sensed a new national awareness. The image shown is a painting by Kris Friesen completed in 1920.

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On May 18th, 1917 Sir Robert Borden announced that he would introduce the Military Service Act on August 29, 1917. The Act was passed, allowing the government to conscript men aged 20 to 45 across the country if the Prime Minister felt that it was necessary. About 125,000 men were conscripted (Flint).

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Canadian and Allied troops won a major victory against Germany at the Battle of Amiens between August 8th-11th in 1918. Amiens was the first in a string of offensive successes, known as the  Hundred Day Offensive, that led to the end of the First World War and the 11 November 1918 armistice. There were 121,000 in total (Thecanadianencyclopedia).

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The Armistice was a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It eventually ended the First World War. A total of 628,562 Canadians served in the Canadian armed forces, including 424,589 who went overseas, and 60,661 were killed (Iwm.org/ukhistory).

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Selected pair of events and how they demonstrate Cause and Consequence

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Selected pair of events and how they demonstrate Cause and Consequence

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The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and the Battle of Verdun demonstrate cause and consequence. The murders of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie Ferdinand sparked a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I, causing one of the longest and most deadly battles in history, the Battle of Verdun. Austria-Hungary was furious about the assassination and with Germany’s support, declared war on Serbia on July 28th. Within days, Germany declared war on Russia (Serbia’s ally) and invaded France via Belgium, which then caused Britain to declare war on Germany. In 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary allied against Russia then in 1882, Italy joined their alliance (The Triple Alliance) and Russia responded in 1894 by allying with France. In 1907, Great Britain, Russia, and France formed the Triple Entente to protect themselves against Germany’s growing threat. Overtime, Europe became divided into two different groups, the Central Powers of Germany which include Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Allies, which included Russia, France, and Britain. Eventually, World War 1 started and the Battle of Verdun began causing over 300,000 deaths and being one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war.

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Selected pair of events and how they demonstrate Continuity and Change

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Selected pair of events and how they demonstrate Continuity and Change

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The Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Vimy Ridge demonstrate continuity and change. Both battles used different attack strategies. The Battle of Ypres was representative of a new war because of the lack of strategy used. None of the sides had concrete plans about how to emerge victorious from this battle, other than the use of chlorine gas by the Germans along with other weapons. The Battle of Vimy Ridge included much more planning and preparation. Canadian General Arthur Currie built a 3-D model of the war grounds to practice their attack strategy creeping barrage (advance in predetermined increments, 91 meters every 3 minutes.) Canadian troops were much more prepared in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and it became the first allied victory in World War 1, but due to lack of preparation, the Battle of Ypres was not won by allied troops. Furthermore, in the Battle of Ypres they used weapons such as hand grenades, machine guns, and rifles whereas in the Battle of Vimy Ridge they used advanced technology like aircraft, the No. 106 fuse, tanks, gas masks, and more. Despite the advances in warfare, many things about the battles stayed the same. In both battles Canadians stood their ground and proved themselves as a nation, giving them a new sense of national awareness. In both battles, many of the same weapons were used such as grenades, poisonous gas, rifles, and machine guns. Canadians suffered a huge amount of casualties in both battles, the battle Ypres being 2000 people and the Battle of Vimy ridge being 10,602 people and both of these battles took place in France.