# data[].attributes.body
Climate change is a huge issue globally and affects countries in different ways. Africa is 0.5 degrees warmer than it was 100 years ago, the planet is slowly getting warmer and warmer due to multiple things such as greenhouse gases and other human emissions. As a lot of African countries are situated along the equator, such as Kenya, the warmer weather really affects them, these countries experience extremely dry months and droughts are quite an often occurrence and water sources throughout these times can often be harder to find. Climate change can be a cause of lack of development because of all of the issues that it causes, as previously mentioned, droughts are happening more frequently in African countries and this puts a humongous strain on the government to try to help as many people survive but when governments don't have the excess money to cope with it, this leads to a lot of development projects having to be put on hold or even scrapped to try to fix this issue. Along with this, farming will be becoming increasingly more difficult for these countries because the land of which they grow the crops would be terrible for growing successfully due to the hot climate which then means that food will not be able to be produced in the way it was before and therefore potentially bringing famine to the countries. For example, in Kenya, it is 3.5 degrees warmer and this has had a big impact on the country and its development and people and their way of life. Many farmers will have lost their jobs due to the inability to grow crops because of the weather making harvesting crops to make food incredibly difficult affecting the development of the country because of deaths due to lack of food and in turn the extreme heat brought on by climate change.
Related Weblink - https://www.kenyamarkets.org/climate-change/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAj9iBBhCJARIsAE9qRtD0vF5SzZOMOtyGcB8u-9NccMq0QNi86wQgY2oQhr9hqeqHExr-He0aAtWsEALw_wcB
(Despite there being some rainfall in Nairobi, it's often the case it is still warm  and you can see that the average temperature does not drop below 10°C throughout the whole year)

# data[].attributes.body
Natural Disasters are naturally occurring events that often result in an evacuation or even death. This can greatly impact the developments of African countries because along with those effects on individuals within the countries, it also impacts a country's economy. After all, many things funded by the government such as schools may have to have their funding stopped to try to provide some sort of financial aid to anyone struggling which puts a massive strain on the government and their distribution of finances during this time. Social development is also slowed due to the need to help build back communities and their other respective elements after the natural disaster has occurred. For example, in Algeria, there was an earthquake in 1980 that killed around 2.600 people and had an overall cost of 5,200,000 (USD x 1000) which shows the many families which lost loved ones and the economic impact the earthquake had on the country, and the negative effect it will have had on Algeria's overall development.
Related Weblink - https://reliefweb.int/report/world/2019-natural-disasters-claim-more-1200-lives-across-east-and-southern-africa

# data[].attributes.body
Famine and malnutrition are the results when a country is experiencing a huge shortage and lack of food. Famine can be brought on by natural events such as droughts or extreme floods, or it can be due to poor governance and the distribution of resources and money to grow and harvest the foods. Famine and malnutrition are causes of lack of development in Africa because when famine strikes a country, it results in thousands becoming extremely weak. After all, they now do not have easy access to one of the main things which keep humans alive. The working class would see a dramatic loss in workers due to physical exhaustion and since they are the main people who contribute to the country's economy, they would see a loss in money for running and supporting the country and therefore slowing down the economic development. For example, on average, those who are malnourished will have up to 160 illness days each year, this means that for 275 million people in Africa who are going hungry each day, a huge portion accounts for working-class members. If they have up to 160 illness days every year, the overall intake of money which the country is receiving from workers would be significantly lower than it would be if the illness days were not almost half of the year showing the huge impact famine and malnutrition can have on the economic development of a country.
(photo shows the effects that hunger can have on age groups)
Related Weblink - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-39272614
(shows info and video about the famine crisis and inside a feeding centre in Nigeria)

# data[].attributes.body
Healthcare is an incredibly important asset to the development of a country and diseases like HIV and Malaria always put a strain on health services, and it is often a struggle for countries to balance the distribution of funding across necessities. Diseases can be causes of lack of development in Africa because there is sometimes simply not enough money and funding to be able to treat people who are suffering from diseases, terminal or preventable, this can then lead to a rise in death rates in a country and therefore, a slowing in the social development in a country. For example, 69% of the people who are infected with HIV/AIDS worldwide live in Africa, which means that some of these people will try to get treatments, so putting a strain on health funding and others may not be financially able to get help and then would most likely die which would put a strain on the workforce strength in years to come.
Related Weblink - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209743/
(section discussing 'implications for development)

# data[].attributes.body
The education system of a country is extremely important because if a generation has a group of well-educated people, the country would therefore be more likely to prosper but a generation of poorly educated people can lead to an impact on development. A poor education system can be a cause of lack of development in African countries because economies may not be stable in the future because of their country's citizens not being able to get high paying jobs to which parts contribute to the country's overall earnings and therefore slowing down economic development. Along with this, many people would live below the poverty line due to joblessness or just extremely low paying jobs meaning that the social development of the country would also be impacted due to lack of education. For example,  35 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa alone have missed out on an education. Along with many of them not getting access to education, the ones which are fortunate enough to get one, are not getting that good of quality education with extremely understaffed schools and along with that very limited resources and classes with sometimes 70 pupils trying to learn with one teacher. This could then lead to these people in the future struggling to find a well-paying job to minimise the chances of them having to live in poverty.
Related Weblink- https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/south-africa-broken-and-unequal-education-perpetuating-poverty-and-inequality/

# data[].attributes.body
Debt is when a country has gotten something like aid or material items from another but is then in the situation of paying it off, when paying it off takes a while, the country is sitting in debt to the country which gave them the resources. Debt in Africa is quite a big issue and is a cause of lack of development because when a country accumulates a lot of debt, they then have to spend money on paying it off when they could have been using the money for developing the country's infrastructure. For example, Angola is one of the many African countries which have a lot of natural resources but due to them being in $18 billion worth of debt to richer countries because of civil wars, they are unable to use these resources in a way that would help their country prosper, instead, they are stuck having to pay their debt off using the money they receive from these resources.
Related Weblink - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-45916060

# data[].attributes.body
With the mass amount of natural resources which Africa have, you would believe that trading for African countries would leave them in a prosperous position, but unfortunately, this is not the case. Trade can impact the development of African countries because trading systems often have regulations that are in favour of the richer and more developed countries in comparison to the poorer and less developed countries. This means that African countries are often limited as to what they sell and the price at which they place it. This then results in these countries not benefitting from trade and sometimes ending up worse off due to some better-off countries making them pay taxes, or even taking their resources and then they make a significantly larger profit than the farmers or smaller businesses who originally grew it/accumulated it. All of these unfortunate situations which happen often in African countries negatively impact the economy of the country and sometimes, setting it back several years in the original development, especially if debt becomes a problem due to the slowing of paying off trade. For example, Nigeria is one of Africa’s biggest oil producers but due to their lack of ability to create usable oil, it is often just sold to other countries and then Nigeria has to buy things such as petrol, from other countries. This means that for Nigeria, instead of them profiting off of their huge oil industry, they are getting the opposite because the fees from getting petrol from other countries cross out the small profits Nigeria get with the remaining oil that they have which will negatively impact the overall economic development of the country.
Related Weblinks - https://doc-research.org/2019/04/europe-trade-africa/
https://www.tuc.org.uk/blogs/tanzania-uganda-stand-against-unfair-eu-east-africa-trade-deal

# data[].attributes.body
Bad governance is when a government rules a country without the ideal of making the lives of their citizens as improved as possible as one of their main goals. These governments are often corrupt themselves and groups in relation to the government, such as the police, are often very biased and do not do their job in the way they are supposed to and are known for taking bribes. Poor governance can be a cause of lack of development because no real progression can be made under a government that leads their country in an unjust and corrupt way. When a country is controlled by a poor government, the money which the country accumulates often stays within the people of power in the country due to an immense amount of briberies taken, exploitation and tax evasion from the people in power. This then makes the poorer parts of the country worse off, while the already powerful part of the country keeps on benefitting in an illegal and unjust way. Finally, when a new government comes along, the country needs to be built back up from virtually nothing due to the amount of damage corrupt governments did to the social, economic, and political development of the country. The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) is a scoring system showing how corrupt a country is and it is ranked with a score from 0-100. For example, Somalia has the lowest score of 12/100 on the CPI and in recent years has developed to be an obscenely corrupt nation and multiple human rights abuses are often reported there. The issues have tried to be resolved but as of yet, the country is still in a position that is setting Somalia back decades in its overall development because of the poor governance Somalians have had to put up with.
Related Weblink - https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2020-sub-saharan-africa#

# data[].attributes.body
Conflicts are large scale violence between two groups that negatively impacts the surrounding area and people. Conflict is a cause of lack of development because due to the violence, healthcare facilities will be extremely overrun and they will become overfilled. As well as this, finances that would have been originally used for healthcare and education, for example, would now be used for weaponry which takes away much needed and necessary finances for a well-functioning country. As an example, Oxfam estimates that conflicts cost Africa approximately £18 billion each year, this £18 billion could have been used to help make progression in healthcare or provide more resources for schools, but instead, billions of pounds are ending up being another cost conflicts have.
Related Weblink - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-54900769