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Blue: subject related to race
Gold: subject related to gender
Red: subject related to pedagogical theory/organization
Purple: subject related to urban education

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Turner leads a slave rebellion, prompting Southern states to outlaw any type of instruction for enslaved African Americans. Education was deemed counter to efforts to impart obedience and subservience.

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1842: New York establishes its first publicly elected school board 

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1842: New York establishes its first publicly elected school board 

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New York's first publicly elected school board is a response to conflict between public and parochial schools. Virtually all public schools in the city come within its sphere.

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Ch 3: 1865: Freedman's Bureau Established 

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Ch 3: 1865: Freedman's Bureau Established 

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The Freedman's Bureau helps former slaves transition into citizens by creating schools and encouraging literacy among newly freed African Americans. Education becomes a possible pathway to positions of leadership and power for Black Americans with the adoption of the 14th and 15th Amendments.

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Upholds separate but equal as the law of the land, upholding segregation and allowing for the continuation of meager allocation of resources to segregated schools. A deeply segregated society limits upward mobility for Black Americans, keeping them in the same roles they wished to escape from.

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Ch3: 1900: Female literacy rates exceed those of males

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Ch3: 1900: Female literacy rates exceed those of males

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By 1900, females outnumber men in high schools and gain ground in college attendance. A majority of American teachers are female, and female literacy rates outpace male rates. As a result of coeducation, increasingly skilled and educated women begin to lead reform movements.

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Ch 4:  1903: BuBois publishes "The Souls of Black Folks"

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Ch 4:  1903: BuBois publishes "The Souls of Black Folks"

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BuBois argues that eduaction is the most pressing concern of all African Americans, asserting that improvement of the mind, advanced learning, and forming leaders is the only path to upward mobility and increased social capital.

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CH 4:  1917: Dewey publishes "Schools of To-Morrow" 

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CH 4:  1917: Dewey publishes "Schools of To-Morrow" 

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Describing Pedagogical Progressivism, Dewey advocates for nurturing student interests, fostering expression, learning through experience, and upholding democratic values.

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Launch of comprehensive high school education with differentiated classes, allowing students to pursue different courses in a single institution.

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Ch 4: 1920: Kilpatrick develops "Project Method"

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Ch 4: 1920: Kilpatrick develops "Project Method"

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Kilpatrick, a pedagogical progressive, allows students to pursue their own goals by undertaking projects related to their own goals and interests, deviating from standard practices of the times.

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Ch4: 1920: Daughters of immigrants represent largest group of teachers in New York City 

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Ch4: 1920: Daughters of immigrants represent largest group of teachers in New York City 

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Representing a similar trend in most other major American cities, the daughters of immigrants represent the largest share of teachers in public schools, a result of assimilation, autonomy, and coeducation

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Ch 5: 1954: Brown v. Board of Education 

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Ch 5: 1954: Brown v. Board of Education 

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The Supreme Court rules that separate but equal is inherently unequal and contrary to the Equal Protection clause, marking a decisive shift in ideology regarding racial superiority and the end of lawful segregated education

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1957: Eisenhower sends federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to enforce desegregation 

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1957: Eisenhower sends federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to enforce desegregation 

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Efforts to resist desegregation are slowly defeated in the South, at times requiring the federal government to intervene in the process.

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1961: James Conant publishes "Slums and Suburbs" 

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1961: James Conant publishes "Slums and Suburbs" 

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Conant's work describes how difficult integration proved to be to maintain as a result of white flight. Increasingly, a school's quality became more associated with race as urban schools became increasingly less diverse since affluent middle class white families moved to suburbs, taking with them a significant part of urban school's tax base.

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1965: LBJ oversees passage of civil rights and anti-poverty legislation

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1965: LBJ oversees passage of civil rights and anti-poverty legislation

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Legislation provides funding for students of poverty backgrounds, narrowing the gap in spending by as much as 1/2 between urban schools and schools located in the suburbs.

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Title IX passed as an amendment to federal education legislation, challenging sex discrimination and ensuring equal opportunities for female students in sports and the classroom.