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Contamination of ocean:
-Agriculture Runoff
-Industrial Runoff

Effects:
-Reduce the amount of dissolved silica that reaches the ocean through freshwater.
-Would affect food chain and system in the ocean
(Diatomic growth is limited to dissolved silica)

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- Can cause build up of deadly neurotoxins via the process of forming methylmercury.
- Build up of mercury in fishes can be deadly to humans when consumed
- Sources of mercury include weathered rocks
- sinks of mercury include bio-accumulation from fishes

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- contributes to the ocean being the world's largest buffer system
- forms part of the skeleton of the marine organisms
- contributes to the hardness of the water

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- Essential for marine diatoms in carbon concentration
- Sources of cadmium include artificial phosphate fertilizers, and weathered rocks
- sink of cadmium is marine diatoms

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decrease in pH value due to more dissolved CO2 would cause carbonate levels to decrease

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Photic Zone:
-Inorganic absorption
-Upwelling

-Dissolution: returns Si into usable form.
-Deposition

Sediments:
-Dissolved opal
-Dissolved silica
-Opaline skeletal debris

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- Used by brown algae as a food source
- brown algae acts as a sink for rhenium
- black shale, copper sanstones act as rhenium source

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- Constituent of enzymes
- Nitrogen binding and nitrate reduction
- Many marine organisms have trace amount of iron in their body which is essential for their survival

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- CO2 dissolves in the ocean water forming carbonic acid (H2CO3)
- carbonic acid dissociates to from bicarbonate ions
- bicarbonate ions react with dissolved calcium ion to form calcium carbonate

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Mercury
Cadmium
Rhenium
Iron

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Source:
River influx
Weathering (Silicate)
-> break down of rocks, soil, mineral through the contact with water

Sink:
Ocean

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- Artificial fertilisers created by humans contain llarge amounts of phosphorus
- wash off into the ocean, thereby increasing the source of P
- resulting in algal bloom due to abundance of P,
- results in fish death.
- This process is also known as eutrophication.

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- phytoplankton near the water surface make use of the light to make food
- phytoplankton respire to give out CO2
- marine creatures excrete waste, giving out carbon in the faeces
- dead marine life decompose, carbon return into the surrounding waters

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conversion of (ammonia) to an inorganic nitrogen (N2)

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conversion of nitrate and nitrite to inorganic nitrogen

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conversion of ammonia to nitrate and nitrite by microbes

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when N2 from the atmosphere is dissolved is converted to ammonia by microbes

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- Marine organisms such as vegetation and algae take in large amounts of P,
- marine animals that decompose, excrete as well as phosphate from rocks and inland that runoff into the ocean act as a source of P.
- These processes regulate the amount of phosphorus in the ocean and help sustain life.

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-important nutrient that overlaps with carbon cycle
-forms the skeleton structures of aquatic plankton

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- Phosphorus is a source of nutrients for marine organisms
- e.g. algae and vegetation. - These organisms form the base of the ocean's food chain
- necessary so that all marine organisms have sustainable food sources.

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Marine animals that have died will release phosphorus when they decompose.

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- Faeces of marine animals contain trace amount of phosphorus
- contribute greatly to the amount of dissolved phosphorus in the ocean.

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-ocean pH buffer
-ocean's hardness
-forms part of the skeleton of marine organism

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- Phosphate from rocks and inland soil washed off into the ocean
- due to rain
- will become dissolved phosphate.

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- physical mixing and sinking of carbonates into the deep ocean
- downwelling currents bring dissolved CO2 down to the deep ocean
- upwelling currents brings the deep, cold ocean water to the surface, water warms and dissolved CO2

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- physical carbon pump
- biological carbon pump
- carbonate pump

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common terms seen in the nitrogen cycle:

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common terms seen in the nitrogen cycle:

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nitrogen fixation
nitrification
denitrification
anammox (fixation)

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provides a constant source of nutrients for marine vegetation which allows the nutrients to be passed onto other marine animals as they consume the marine vegetation.

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- process by which photosynthetic organisms turn inorganic carbon compounds into organic carbon compounds

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- rate of exchange between reservoirs
e.g atmosphere has inflows from decomposition (CO2 released by the breakdown of organic matter)

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- a carbon reservoir that releases more carbon than it absorbs
e.g fossil fuels extracted from deep within the ground are a carbon source

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- carbon reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases
e.g carbon forests, soil and ocean

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Happens within water bodies on top of chemical nitrogen cycle.

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- Nitrogen fixation by cynobacteria
- Nitrite/nitrate/ammonia in water is used by phytoplankton
- After organisms die, the skin to the bottom and get decomposed by bacteria, which remineralises them into inorganic nitrogen

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- a place where carbon is stored
e.g rocks and sediments, ocean, atmosphere

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- carbon reservoir
- carbon sink
- carbon source
- flux
- carbon fixation