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Cows were the first group of cows were discovered in 1525 at Vera Cruz in mexico christopher columbus was the first to discover the cow, average cows are 1.6m to 1.8 an average male cow is 1870 kg and average female cow is 1210 kg. The discover of cows is very important because now we can milk them for milk and use them to make many things and we also kill the cows for food. There are not many bad things about cows except that the bring a lot of mosquitos.

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Polar bears are pretty big they are around 7 to 8 feet long an average male polar bear weighs up to 400 to 600 kilograms and average female polar bears are up to 200 to 300 hundred kilograms. Constantine John Phipps was the first to describe the polar bear in 1744 but no one knows when the polar bear was really discovered. The discovery of polar bears are important to the marine life and they are also important to the arctic people. Polar bears are one of the signs of the health of the eco system.

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The Pomeranian was discovered by queen-consort of King George III in 1767, the average height of an Pomeranian is 7 to 12 inches tall and the average weight is 3 to 7 pounds for adult. Pomeranians are very important to humans because they give emotional support and could be apart of a family to. The bad thing about the discovery of Pomeranians is that almost where ever they go they will always pee or poo everywhere.

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The first penguin was found in 1773 - 1775 but were not recorded until 1844. Penguins average height is 110cm - 120cm and their average weight is 22.7 - 45.4 kg depending on the gender. Penguins are an advantage to the zoo because it attracts people to the zoo and it brings the zoo a lot of money penguins are also an important part of the food chain they fertilize the landscape with things like nitrogen. Without penguins many  other animals will be extinct because they are the prey of many animals like leopard seals polar bears these animals eat penguins and their eggs to stay alive. The bad thing about penguins being discovered is that we are keeping them in a zoo and they aren’t able to do what they normally do because we are interrupting them by doing research or measuring their height or taking pictures of them. I think the discovery of emperor penguins were good because they help us do many things for the food chain and they also bring us entertainment .

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the first space ship was invented in 1957 by NASA, the first spaceship was 4,500,000 pounds and 184 feet tall. the space ship was launched into space on 1957 and landed successfully on back on earth in 1961. The good thing about spaceships is that, they have made many discovery's in space they have done many tests and now we have a lot of information about space and many of our questions have been answered by doing this we also had the satellite launched with the first space ship. The bad thing about the launch of the first space ship was the amount of pollution that was released.

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cows: https://www.livescience.com/28154-new-world-cattle-origins.html#:~:text=The%20first%20cows%20brought%20to,a%20new%20genetic%20analysis%20shows. https://www.dimensions.com/element/holstein-friesian-cattle#:~:text=The%20average%20Dairy%20Cow%20has,farm)%3B%2020%20(natural).
https://howmonk.com/how-much-does-a-cow-weigh/#:~:text=Beef%20Breeds%20Directory.-,How%20Much%20Does%20a%20Beef%20Cow%20Weigh%3F,cows%20by%20age%20and%20breed.

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(Image credit: David Hillis)

The first cows brought to the Americas by explorer Christopher Columbus originated from two extinct wild beasts from India and Europe, a new genetic analysis shows.

Because the breeds analyzed, including the longhorn, have been closely connected to humans, the results could shed light on human migration over the past 10,000 years, said study co-author Emily Jane McTavish, an evolutionary biology doctoral candidate at the University of Texas at Austin, whose mascot is the longhorn cow.

The findings were published today (March 25) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Wild beasts
About 10,000 years ago, ancient people domesticated cows from wild aurochs (bovines that are 1.5 to two times as big as domestic cattle) in two separate events, one in the Indian subcontinent and one in Europe.

Paleolithic people probably captured young aurochs and selected for the most docile of the creatures. The "fierce and scary" creatures gradually became tamer, domesticated animals, McTavish said. Wild aurochs survived until 1627, when hunting and habitat loss drove the creatures to extinction.
New world cows
On Columbus' second trip to the Americas in 1493, he brought cattle.

To untangle the history of these New World breeds, McTavish and her colleagues analyzed the genetic lineage of three cattle descended from the New World cows: Texas longhorn, Mexican Corriente and Romosinuano cattle from Colombia, and compared them with 55 other cattle breeds. [ 5 Misconceptions of Christopher Columbus]

The researchers found that the New World cows evolved from both Indian and European lineages. In addition, historical records suggest that Longhorns underwent natural selection while they were living in semiwild herds for 450 years, or about 80 to 200 generations.

The group hypothesizes that Indian cows made it to East Africa via trade routes, and cows from North Africa may have entered Spain when the Moors conquered the Iberian Peninsula.
Different origins
The findings suggest that New World cows differ from breeds brought by the French and the British, such as Angus and Hereford, which evolved only in Europe, McTavish said.

"All these European breeds have a different evolutionary history than the Spanish breeds brought by Columbus," McTavish said.

Because New World cows were adapted to frequent droughts and changing food supplies, "these traits could be useful to breeders developing hardier breeds of cattle, especially in the face of climate change," McTavish said.

Assistant Managing Editor

Tia has interned at Science News, Wired.com, and the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and has written for the Center for Investigative Reporting, Scientific American, and ScienceNow. She has a master's degree in bioengineering from the University of Washington and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California Santa Cruz.

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Longhorn Legacy: Surprising Origins of Columbus' Cattle Found

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(Image credit: David Hillis) The first cows brought to the Americas by explorer Christopher Columbus originated from two extinct wild beasts from India and Europe, a new genetic analysis shows.