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Will
At high latitude the climate does not have change meaning it's cold mostly all year round. This is because at high latitude regions receive less light and energy from the sun than lower latitude regions. Because of this there is more snow than at low latitude as the temperature is so cold. The temperature around the glacier allows the ice to move relatively rapid. This is because of the meltwater causing less friction at the base of the glacier. The process of movement is largely through basal slippage. link to feedback loops

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Precious.
Altitude affects glacial budget because higher altitudes are colder because the air is thinner, so there's less  outputs because less of the ice will melt or evaporate and there could be more inputs because its colder so there's more snow. However, at really high altitudes there could be less inputs because there's less precipitation because the air is thinner so there's less clouds so less snow and other forms of precipitation. complete the extension activity

Precious.

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As higher altitude affects weather, temperature and landscape, glaciers are affected by the higher altitude also. This is due to the increase in input - at higher altitudes it tends to snow more, and temperatures are colder allowing more ice to form. This increase in mass causes the mass balance of the glacier to become more positive. This coldness also decreases the output levels of the glacier, meaning that it is less likely to melt, and ablation levels are lower. Most glaciers form at higher altitudes. The ones that are at higher altitudes tend to lose less mass due to ablation. When lower level glaciers lose mass due to ablation, this can lead into a negative feedback cycle, where the more ice lost can increase ablation levels due to the exposed ground beneath the glacier which absorbs more heat - carrying the system on.

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Higher latitude, the colder and dryer the climate will be with little seasonal variation in precipitation. This is because is because the higher latitude areas receive less solar radiation from the sun than those in equatorial areas. This allows higher latitude places develop large stable ice sheets. During the last ice age, the planet received less solar energy so therefore most of the earth was covered by ice sheets, even in areas of lower latitude. Today however, there will be more accumulation at a higher latitude, unless the altitude is higher.

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if the aspect is facing away from the sun, the temp will likely remain below zero for a longer period of time, so less melting will occur. so, the mass balance in these locations will tend to be positive causing them to advance. the reverse will happen in areas facing the sun. this can lead to a negative feedback loop, as the more the glacier faces the sun, the more it melts, and will continue to melt.

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Evie- The relief affects the movement of the glacier. The steeper the relief, the greater the resultant force of gravity. The glacier will have more energy to move downslope. The meltwater at the bottom of the glacier helps it move, if the relief is steeper this will help the glacier move faster. This may also build up more friction meaning more ice will melt, which could contribute to positive feedback loop. This is opposite if the land is flatter as there will be a lack of resultant force meaning the glacier will not have much energy to move downslope. Glacial flow is affected by gravity, meaning the steeper the relief the faster the glacial flow.

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Answer the question posed in the "Skills focus" on p43 (about the Pastouri glacier). Find out about Kilimanjaro and the glaciers that exist on the Equator

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Answer the question posed in the "Skills focus" on p43 (about the Pastouri glacier). Find out about Kilimanjaro and the glaciers that exist on the Equator

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Atty
An input to the glacier in the form of most frequently rain or snow that adds to the mass balance of the glacier, adding mass and therefore either increasing the advance as there is more force to push the glacier down a slope. Also, as there is a larger force acting on the basal ice, causing it to melt to form meltwater, this therefore allows the glacier to slide over the bedrock and advance. Precipitation levels are affected by heat (if it is too hot, no water will condense into clouds and fall as rain and if it is cold, more precipitation will occur as rain or snow), seasons (normally, in temperate glaciers, during winter and autumn, more precipitation occurs and during spring and summer, less precipitation occurs), latitude (it rains more away from the equator as they are cooler) and altitude (it rains more in high altitude locations as they have lower atmospheric pressure and lower temperatures).

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Susie
If the temperature is above 0 degrees Celsius then the top layer of the glacier will melt and turn into output. When ice is under a lot of pressure, for example when the glacier meets a rock on the base, the melting point becomes lower (around -2 degrees Celsius). This causes regelation when the ice melts and goes around the obstacle, it then refreezes when it is under less pressure. This is how plucking happens, the water flows around the rock and then refreezes. As the glacier moves, it pulls the rock away from the bedrock.
Higher altitude may get periods in the summer when it is warmer so ice will melt.
Higher latitude do not get as affected by seasons so there will be less melting

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Emma
The physical and chemical composition of rocks. A weak lithology will mean that rocks are more susceptible to weathering, erosion and mass movement. This can increase the amount of sediment present in the glacier changing its colour. Additional sediment in the glacier may fall to the bottom of the glacier assisting in abrasion - this is especially the case when the rocks are harder than the bedrock beneath. Rocks with higher resistance are more likely to form landforms. Rocks that haven't fully eroded can also often become obstacles for glaciers that could cause regelation.

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George
Rock surfaces affect glacial processes, they can be the cause of key glacial processes such as plucking. If rocks are sticking out, meltwater will freeze around the rock and freeze to the glacier - then being plucked from the ground affecting the landscape. The permeability of rock ,such as chalk, have tiny air spaces that separates mineral particles and absorbs to store water {primary permeability}. This means that they can fracture due to freeze-thaw weathering, or become attached to the glacier. Structure can heavily influence valley side profiles by the angle of dip on rocks. Steep cliffs are supported by vertical profiles. Joints are naturally created in the rocks, caused by tension and movement by the earth, if these break, they can fall onto the glacier and be transported elsewhere.