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The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

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the United States and Spain defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase and Spain surrendered its claims to the Pacific Northwest. In return, the United States recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas.

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In 1819, the impressive post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment.

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a French aristocrat, diplomat, political scientist, political philosopher and historian. He is best known for his works Democracy in America and The Old Regime and the Revolution.

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Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States

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the Hudson River school was the first native school of painting in the United States; it was strongly nationalistic both in its proud celebration of the natural beauty of the American landscape and in the desire of its artists to become independent of European schools of painting.

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In the first part of the 19th century, more than 100,000 individuals formed Utopian communities in an effort to create perfect societies. The idea of a perfect society intertwined with communalism can be traced back to Plato's Republic, the book of Acts in the New Testament, and the works of Sir Thomas More.

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The Temperance Movement was an organized effort during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to limit or outlaw the consumption and production of alcoholic beverages in the United States.

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One of the primary reforms accomplished by Dorothea Lynde Dix was the establishment or enlargement of state hospitals

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He spearheaded the Common School Movement, ensuring that every child could receive a basic education funded by local taxes.

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The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention in the United States. Held in July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, the meeting launched the women's suffrage movement, which more than seven decades later ensured women the right to vote.

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Lucretia Mott was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London in 1840.

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid- to late-1800s. She was the main force behind the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first convention to be called for the sole purpose of discussing women's rights, and was the primary author of its Declaration of Sentiments.

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The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early nineteenth century. The movement started around 1800, had begun to gain momentum by 1820, and was in decline by 1870. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations.

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Finney was an advocate of perfectionism, the doctrine that through complete faith in Christ believers could receive a "second blessing of the Holy Spirit" and reach Christian perfection, a higher level of sanctification

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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was 24, Smith published the Book of Mormon.

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It was the longest artificial waterway and the greatest public works project in North America. The canal put New York on the map as the Empire State—the leader in population, industry, and economic strength.

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Incorporated in 1826 to serve as a mill town, Lowell was named after Francis Cabot Lowell, a local figure in the Industrial Revolution. The city became known as the cradle of the American Industrial Revolution because of its textile mills and factories.

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Eli Whitney Jr. was an American inventor, widely known for inventing the cotton gin, one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South

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Henry Clay Sr. was an American attorney and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and House. He was the seventh House Speaker and the ninth Secretary of State. He received electoral votes for president in the 1824, 1832, and 1844 presidential elections.

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The American system was a national economic plan put forth by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and the Whig party throughout the first half of the 19thcentury. The plan consisted of three major components: Pass high tariffs (taxes) on imports to protect American businesses and to increase revenues.

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In the 1820s and 1830s, a market revolution was transforming American business and global trade. Factories and mass production increasingly displaced independent artisans. Farms grew and produced goods for distant, not local, markets, shipping them via inexpensive transportation like the Erie Canal.

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The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system.

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The Missouri Compromise was United States federal legislation that stopped northern attempts to forever prohibit slavery's expansion by admitting Missouri as a slave state in exchange for legislation which prohibited slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel except for Missouri.

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The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812.

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The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815, in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss

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The Treaty of Ghent was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.

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The invading British Army, under Gen. Edward Pakenham, hoped to seize New Orleans and the territory that the United States had acquired in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase.

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the taking of men into a military or naval force by compulsion, with or without notice.

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someone who favors war or continuing to escalate an existing conflict as opposed to other solutions.

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North American Indian religious revivalist of the Shawnee people, who worked with his brother Tecumseh to create a pan-tribal confederacy to resist U.S. encroachment in the Northwest Territory.

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The Battle of Fallen Timbers was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy and their British allies, against the nascent United States for control of the Northwest Territory.

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Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief and warrior who promoted resistance to the expansion of the United States onto Native American lands

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which replaced Jefferson's failed embargo. It allowed the resumption of world trade with the exclusion of trade with England and France, thus barring French and British vessels from American ports.

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the Embargo Act of 1807 was an attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to prohibit American ships from trading in foreign ports.

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Their mission was to explore the unknown territory, establish trade with the Natives and affirm the sovereignty of the United States in the region.

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The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars.

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The U.S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review—the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional.

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Abigail Adams was the wife and closest advisor of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams. She is sometimes considered to have been a Founder of the United States, and is now designated as the first Second Lady and second First Lady of the United States, although these titles were not used at the time.

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Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections

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The Quasi-War was an undeclared war fought from 1798 to 1800 between the United States and France. Most of the fighting took place in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coastline of the United States.

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The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War.

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Battle of Fallen Timbers/ Treaty of Greenville

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Battle of Fallen Timbers/ Treaty of Greenville

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Their defeat at Fallen Timbers led to leaders of many tribes negotiating and signing the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, through which they relinquished much of their land to the federal government and were forced to relocate to northwestern Ohio.

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was signed on October 27, 1795 by the United States and Spain. It defined the border between the United States and Spanish Florida, and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

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agreement that assuaged antagonisms between the United States and Great Britain, established a base upon which America could build a sound national economy, and assured its commercial prosperity.

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The Proclamation of Neutrality was a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793 that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain.

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The Federalist Party was the first political party in the United States. Under Alexander Hamilton, it dominated the national government from 1789 to 1801.

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The Democratic-Republican Party, better known at the time under various other names, was an American political party founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the early 1790s that championed republicanism, political equality, and expansionism

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impeding or attempting to prevent the operation and enforcement within its territory of a law of the U.S.

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NewBostonPost: Trusted News, Insights & Perspectives for New England

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Stay informed with NewBostonPost. Explore trusted news, in-depth analysis, and unique perspectives on politics, culture, business, and current events in New England and beyond.

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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.

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The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798.

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The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington, ultimately under the command of American Revolutionary war veteran Major James McFarlane.

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states assume the debts of federal government. establish a national bank system. government to be paid without using income taxes. place excise taxes on certain goods for government operating money.

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established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system and created the position of attorney general.

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The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution

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Shay’s Rebellion- angry farmers in MA from high state taxes or else they would have their land seized

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Great Compromise-Agreement made at the Constitutional Convention that called for the legislative branch to have two houses, the Senate and House of Representatives, with equal representation per state in the Senate, and representation based on population in the House.

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Constitutional Convention-May 25, 1787 meeting held in Philadelphia to address the problems of the Articles of Confederation; they write the Constitution to replace the Articles

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Anti-Federalists-feared the new Constitution would give too much power to the federal/central/national gov't

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Federalists-supported a strong federal gov't, wanted the Constitution ratified immediately

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Federalist Papers-A series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that defended and promoted the ratification of the Constitution

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Bill of Rights-First 10 amendments to the Constitution that protects the basic rights of citizens

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“Common Sense”-advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies.

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787-it provided a way for the land to be distributed and governed

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Land Ordinance of 1785-It laid out the process by which lands west of the Appalachian Mountains were to be surveyed and sold

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Articles of Confederation-he first written constitution of the United States

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Taxation without representation-a populace that is required to pay taxes to a government authority without having any say in that government's policies.

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Great Awakening-a religious revival that impacted the English colonies in America during the 1730s and 1740s.

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Montesquieu-He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world

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John Locke-one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".

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Social Contract-a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

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Natural Rights-the right to property, the right to question the government, and the right to have free and independent thought

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Enlightenment-a range of ideas centered on the sovereignty of reason and the evidence of the senses as the primary sources of knowledge and advanced ideals such as liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government and separation of church and state.

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Quebec Act-act of the British Parliament in 1774 that vested the government of Quebec in a governor and council and preserved the French Civil Code, the seigneurial system of land tenure, and the Roman Catholic Church.

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Molasses Act-a British law that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into the North American colonies.

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Navigation Act-declared that only English ships would be allowed to bring goods into England, and that the North American colonies could only export its commodities, such as tobacco and sugar, to England.

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Triangular Trade-a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.

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Mercantilism- A system where the mother country (England) uses colonies (13 colonies) for economic gain

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Salutary Neglect-was Britain's unofficial policy, initiated by prime minister Robert Walpole, to relax the enforcement of strict regulations, particularly trade laws, imposed on the American colonies late in the seventeenth and early in the eighteenth centuries.

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Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers that took place in 1675 through 1676. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley.

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a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

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also known as Popé's Rebellion or Popay's Rebellion– was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, larger than present-day New Mexico.

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The encomienda system was a labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies.

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Henry Hudson was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the northeastern United States

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Samuel de Champlain was a French colonist, navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He made between 21 and 29 trips across the Atlantic Ocean, and founded Quebec, and New France, on 3 July 1608.

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the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

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Subsistence farming, form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade.

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John Winthrop was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England following Plymouth Colony.

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tied to the consumption of food, referring since the early 1700s to one's stomach or belly.

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originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native

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William Penn was the son of the admiral and politician Sir William Penn. Penn was a writer, early member of the Religious Society of Friends, and founder of the English North American colony the Province of Pennsylvania

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a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.

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Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area in North America.

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was a member of the Patuxet tribe best known for being an early liaison between the Native American population in Southern New England and the Mayflower Pilgrims who made their settlement at the site of Tisquantum's former summer village.

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Pocahontas was a Native American woman, belonging to the Powhatan People, notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribes in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia.

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After procuring the new caravel ship, Henry was responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes.

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The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee are a historical indigenous confederacy in northeast North America.