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Vietnam Conflict and Controversy Explained

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Vietnam Conflict and Controversy Explained

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Principle and Consequence Ethics with the Vietnam War

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Principle and Consequence Ethics with the Vietnam War

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Consequentialism is a part of ethics in which an action’s morality is solely based on its results. An action’s ethics are based on consequences in this case. A principle is a basis of something. Ethics revolve around morality and what is ‘right.’ Whether or not to take part in an action is usually based on one’s principles and morals. How this relates to the Vietnam War is the controversy behind U.S. involvement. It was highly discussed whether or not it was moral to get involved. Consequence ethics come into play as the results heavily swayed beliefs on the involvement. The government and many Americans initially believed that involvement was moral because we were ‘helping’ the south and participating in the containment of communism. However, as the results of our involvement were highly negative in some aspects with the draft and high death counts, collateral damage, etc., the morality and ethics behind the decision changed in which the reason could have been moral but was no longer because of its results.

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This speech given by President Nixon in 1969 was in response to the ongoing controversy regarding United States involvement in the Vietnam War. This speech is a way of him discussing his plan to win that war. He claims that the controversy is mainly due to the American people believing that the government has not told the truth about the war policies and that he would attempt to answer questions to explain the circumstances. He then goes on to answer many questions he assumes people would ask like the reason behind involvement and statistics with soldiers. His plan to win is with Vietnamization, which is gradual withdrawal from the war. It can be assumed that the real intention behind the speech is to persuade the American people who are not supportive of United States involvement to believe that it is justified, and that the war would be over soon, especially with support from the people.

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blog of collection of poems by Mihanel Pabon, a Vietnam Veteran

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that's not so much a memory

as it is a stain.

No matter how long ago it was

when most will say, let it pass

You are not trying to remember it

you're trying to dismember it.

Normalcy becomes an illusion

for when everything seems to be all right,

when it appears you're winning the fight,

BOOM, a trigger appears.

Unfortunately, you never know

or something you see.

I could go on writing for untold pages

and write a manifesto for the ages,

but I just want you to understand

to take a stand.

I'm going to go straight to the core.

this precious moment of normalcy.

Why I Am

I am, so no one in your way can get

And in comfort, your roots you may set

I am forever in your service

Sometimes I do get nervous

But that's part of who I am

Which does not include vanity

I will do everything I've learned

To be proud of who you are

To always be true to the cause

Never ever seeking, or wanting applause

Above all things, happy and free

My family I love very much

In one way, or another, everyone's life we touch

So the old can be happy and free

And the same way the young grow older

Is why I fulfill my destiny

About the Author:

Mihanel Pabon was 11 Bravo (grunt) and in Vietnam from January 27 to December 20, 1970.

He lives in Brooklyn, New York, with Elaine, his wife of forty years. As he says, "Talk about deserving a medal -- I mean Congressional -- I was fortunate to find someone so strong."

Mihanel and Elaine have two daughters, Mandy and Tara, and a four month-old granddaughter, Lei-Lani Olivia.

A lot of Mihanel's writings were the direct result of requests, which he customized. If you need the right words for anyone, or any situation, feel free to leave him a comment with your email address, so he can contact you. He will be happy to try and help.

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that's not so much a memory as it is a stain. No matter how long ago it was when most will say, let it pass You are not trying to remember it you're trying to dismember it. Normalcy becomes an illusion for when everything seems to be all right, when it appears you're winning the fight, BOOM, a trigger appears.

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News article on Economy in Vietnam post-war (2000)

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News article on Economy in Vietnam post-war (2000)

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April 21, 2000

VIETNAM TODAY: AN OCCASIONAL SERIES

Widening Economic Gap Keeps Vietnam Divided

By MARK LANDLER
AIPHONG, Vietnam, April 19 - Just outside this port city on Vietnam's northeastern coast lies the Nomura-Haiphong Industrial Zone, a 377-acre swath of land as green and table-flat as the rice paddies next to it. Where the smokestacks and assembly lines of giant factories were supposed to rise, there are only windswept fields, stretching unbroken to the horizon.

Nomura, the Japanese bank, has fought a losing battle to lure foreign companies since it opened the zone in 1997. Only two set up shop here last year, an auto-parts maker and a chemical plant, both Japanese. Ho Dinh Tien, the zone's good-natured executive director, who keeps watch from a dozy office at the front gate, said Nomura no longer even sets goals for the number of new occupants.
"There was a time when foreign companies came to Vietnam," Mr. Tien said as he gazed wistfully out the window. "Now is not that time."

In its grandeur and folly, Nomura's field of dreams epitomizes what has gone wrong with the Vietnamese economy since it first opened to the outside world in 1988. Built to catch the flood of foreign investors into Vietnam, the zone - and many others like it in northern Vietnam - has been strangled by government red tape, balky customs officials, and overly aggressive tax collectors.

The New York Times

Yet 700 miles south, on the outskirts of Ho Chi Minh City, the former Saigon, one finds an entirely different world. There, in Dong Nai province, factories have sprung up like tumbleweeds along the dusty north-south highway. Nike, Fujitsu, and dozens of other foreign companies are churning out athletic shoes, circuit boards, and cigarettes. Despite ramshackle facilities and an almost comical lack of central planning, Dong Nai has become the fastest-growing region in the country.

"You have these two competing forces in Vietnam: one focused on production and the other on extraction," said Thomas J. Vallely, the director of the Indochina program at the Harvard Institute for International Development. "The question is, which is going to prevail?"

For years, Mr. Vallely and other experts believed that Vietnam's enterprising south would drag the more cautious, politically encrusted north into the global economy. But 25 years after the war that unified Vietnam, the north and south remain divided economically. And the gap is widening: Dong Nai's exports grew by 22 percent in the first half of 1999, while Haiphong's declined by 15 percent.

Despite the south's success, some experts say it is the old-style Communists in Hanoi, not the capitalists in Ho Chi Minh City, who have the upper hand in the battle for Vietnam's future. Hanoi has balked at signing a trade agreement with the United States. And despite years of promises, it has done little to clear the bureaucratic underbrush that makes Vietnam a deeply frustrating place to do business.

"Sadly, although Vietnam has become more competitive in absolute terms, it is less competitive relative to its Asian neighbors than it was a few years ago," said Wolfgang Bertelsmeier, the chief of mission of the International Finance Corporation, a division of the World Bank.

Foreign direct investment, which used to pour into Vietnam at a rate of more than $4 billion a year, trickled to $1.4 billion in 1999 and is likely to fall further this year. Those numbers overstate the actual dollars flowing into Vietnam, since the government approves many more projects than are built. Experts figure that the country drew no more $600 million in hard dollars last year.

DWINDLING INVESTMENT

Foreign direct investment, which not long ago poured into Vietnam, declined to $1.4 billion in 1999 and is likely to fall further this year.

Leading investors in Vietnam* 1988-1999 (in U.S. dollars)

United States

1.2

*Represents value of investments approved by the Vietnamese government. Actual money spent is roughly one-third of each amount.

Source: Vietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment and Government Statistics Office

Some of the decline is due to the Asian crisis, which forced big spenders like Japan and South Korea to pull in their horns. But much of it can be laid to Vietnam's stifling bureaucracy. Companies like Oracle have folded their tents, while others, like Procter & Gamble, have fallen into bitter disputes with their Vietnamese partners.
Dwindling foreign investment has sapped Vietnam's exports and hobbled its growth. After barreling along at 9.5 percent in 1995 and 8.8 percent in 1997, Vietnam's economic output fell to 5.8 percent in 1998 and 4.8 percent last year. Economists say it will be lucky to match that this year.

While neighbors like the Philippines have developed thriving electronics industries, Vietnam is struggling to hold on to its handful of technology investors. Even those companies that are welcomed by the Vietnamese, like Fujitsu, must wait years to get their projects approved.

"When we first came here, we had many problems negotiating with Hanoi," said Shuzo Kawashima, the president of the Fujitsu factory in Dong Nai, which employs 2,728 workers. "They kept changing their minds. Now we deal only with the local government, which is much easier."

Mr. Kawashima showed a visitor around his factory, which has Vietnam's first "clean room" for assembling advanced computer circuits. At the rear of the plant is a loading dock, where customs officials from Dong Nai inspect and stamp boxes of Fujitsu circuit boards before they leave the factory. The boards are then exported to Japan, Thailand and the Philippines, where they are installed in laptop computers.

Unlike companies in the north, officials at Fujitsu said they rarely have trouble with customs officials. They said the provincial authorities were also helpful in the day-to-day issues of running a factory, like providing reliable electricity and adequate waste-water treatment.

Nike has also gravitated to southern Vietnam. All five of its contract factories are within a two-hour drive of Ho Chi Minh City, even though workers' salaries there are the highest in the country. Nike's contractors employ more than 45,000 workers, making it the leading source of private employment in Vietnam. Many of these people have migrated to Dong Nai from the north.

Nguyen The Thu Nga, a 27-year-old woman from Quang Binh province in north-central Vietnam, used to sell fish and vegetables in her village. Three years ago, she came to work in a Nike factory, where she glues together the rubber soles of running shoes. The work is grueling and the Korean bosses are strict. But life is better than in Quang Binh, where Ms. Nga said her village was ruined by recent floods.

"For a farmer in Vietnam, having a stable job and a basic wage is enough," Ms. Nga said, as she played with her baby after a 10-hour shift.

Executives at Nike said the Vietnamese government regularly encourages the company to shift manufacturing to the north. Among other things, such a move would stem the tide of migration to Ho Chi Minh City, which has become dangerously overcrowded in recent years.

But Chris Helzer, Nike's director of government affairs in Vietnam, said, "To build a factory up north would present problems that would be difficult to overcome."

Vietnamese officials are well aware of the north's poor reputation among foreign investors. They explain it as a vestige of Vietnam's history, in which the south was exposed to the capitalism of the United States while the north languished in the orbit of the Soviet Union. Over time, they insist, northern officials will shed old habits.

"The south is absolutely more dynamic and creative than the north, but only in the short term," said Nguyen Chon Trung, vice chairman of Ho Chi Minh City's industrial zone authority. "The government will develop policies to strike a better balance between north and south."

Mr. Tien of Nomura said some of the strongest resistance to change comes not from central but from local authorities. He said Vietnam's prime minister and Communist Party chief had traveled to Haiphong to urge the city to be more helpful to foreigners. This prodding came even after Haiphong donated the land for the industrial zone.

"Dong Nai was able to be more liberal because it was a rural area and the government didn't pay much attention to it," Mr. Tien said. "But Haiphong was always regarded as one of the country's industrial centers, so it was more tightly regulated."

Indeed, Haiphong may eventually realize its potential. The city should benefit from its proximity to China, which is likely to emerge as Vietnam's largest market.

Geographic disparities in growth are not necessarily harmful. In China, for example, the free-wheeling southern coastal provinces provided the kindling for the country's broader growth. In Vietnam, however, the imbalance could eventually damage the south.

The Vietnamese government steers more foreign aid money and tax dollars to northern provinces. It also spends more on public-works projects, as anyone flying from Ho Chi Minh City's somewhat decrepit airport to Hanoi's soon-to-be-expanded one can attest.

While prosperous, Dong Nai lacks decent housing, roads and public transportation. At 4 p.m., when the whistles at its factories blow, the streets are choked with motorcycles and bicycles. The migrant workers sleep four or five to a room in grim, hastily constructed cement blocks.

"The Vietnamese government could wreck Dong Nai by not providing adequate infrastructure around those factories," said Brian Quinn, the country coordinator of the Harvard Institute for International Development. "This is a case of starving the south to feed the north."

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Widening Economic Gap Keeps Vietnam Divided

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April 21, 2000 VIETNAM TODAY: AN OCCASIONAL SERIES By MARK LANDLER AIPHONG, Vietnam, April 19 - Just outside this port city on Vietnam's northeastern coast lies the Nomura-Haiphong Industrial Zone, a 377-acre swath of land as green and table-flat as the rice paddies next to it.

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"Vietnam: The War That Killed Trust" news article

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"Vietnam: The War That Killed Trust" news article

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Opinion | Vietnam: The War That Killed Trust (Published 2017)

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The legacy of the war still shapes America, even if most of us are too young to remember it.

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newspaper article on an anti-war march

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"The End in Vietnam" news article (May 12, 1975)

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"The End in Vietnam" news article (May 12, 1975)

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This film related to the Vietnam War as Forrest fought in it, which affected his whole life, especially with relationships. This movie is an example of a pop culture reference to the war.

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Many movies were made after the war in reference to it, and one of them was Full Metal Jacket. These references to the war were seen a lot in pop culture with movies.

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In protest to the American involvement in Vietnam, the peace sign was popularized and later influenced pop culture.

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Battle of Hue

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The Three Soldiers Memorial in Washington, D.C.

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The Three Soldiers Memorial in Washington, D.C.

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Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.

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Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.

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About VVMF (the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund)

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The Vietnam Veteran's Memorial Fund (VVMF) is the nonprofit organization that built the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.

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For centuries we have seen casualties of war; soldiers who have had various physical injuries and scars that last a lifetime. Yet until the 20th century little was known about the emotional effects of war on soldiers and it wasn't until soldiers were studied psychologically that we began to understand what had happened to them.

You may have heard of psychological disorders associated with war, such as shell shock or 'Combat Stress Reaction' as it is otherwise known. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is a diagnosis made by doctors on a regular basis for patients who have suffered major traumas such as rape or a car accident. It was due to soldiers of the Vietnam war that the disorder was discovered, yet their symptoms had been synonymous with war veterans from hundreds of years before.

The actual emotional effects of war on soldiers can be distressing and it seems so unfair to the family and friends of veterans that after all they've been through, they continue to suffer. PTSD and shell shock are essentially manifestations of the brain's attempts to cope with trauma and failing to do so adequately. With PTSD in soldiers, the sufferer will often recall and re-experience the specific trauma of war, perhaps when they dream, or even when they think or close their eyes. Hallucinations are not uncommon either, with soldiers feeling as if they are back in the traumatic war environment during sleep, when drunk or on drugs and even during normal wakefulness. They will also react strongly to anything that reminds them of the trauma and begin to avoid anything they associate with it. This often means a distinct reluctance to mix socially, due to loud noises that remind them of bombings, or crowds of people reminiscent of trenches.

It's no surprise, once you understand the distress that soldiers experience during war, that they find it hard to be the same, emotionally, ever again. Some may say that their inability to form close bonds with loved ones is due to the experience of near death and the fear that they will leave someone behind. The emotional effects of war on soldiers very often hinders their future achievements too as they find it impossible to imagine or plan. Veterans of war who experience PTSD without adequate counseling and care often do not marry or have children, perhaps because they have experienced near death and have severe difficulty letting go of the idea that they may die any day.

War can be and has been proven to be a deeply scarring experience for many soldiers. Of course, nothing can prepare them for warfare, seeing close friends die and narrowly escape death themselves. Some veterans of past wars have recovered from their traumatic experience with the right care, but what we need to ask ourselves is how we can protect them from mental trauma before they are even sent to fight, as opposed to treating their symptoms once the deep psychological damage has already been done.

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The Emotional Effects of War on Soldiers

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For centuries we have seen casualties of war; soldiers who have had various physical injuries and scars that last a lifetime. Yet until the 20th century little was known about the emotional effects of war on soldiers and it wasn't until soldiers were studied psychologically that we began to understand what had happened to them.

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"40 years later, Vietnam still deeply divided over war" 

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"40 years later, Vietnam still deeply divided over war" 

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article on Vietnam today/war recovery

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HO CHI MINH CITY - This bustling city of 8 million that is still called Saigon by many is going all out to celebrate Thursday's 40th anniversary of its fall - the day North Vietnam's Communist army captured South Vietnam's capital.

Propaganda posters and billboards marking Liberation Day blanket a downtown brimming with construction cranes and new high-rise buildings. City landmarks such as the old French colonial city hall and post office have gotten fresh coats of paint. A massive military parade is in the works and a shiny new statue of the North's iconic leader, Ho Chi Minh, waits to be unveiled on a renovated central square.

Yet even as the now-united country trumpets the North's victory over American invaders during a devastating conflict that left more than 3 million Vietnamese and nearly 60,000 American troops dead, bitter rifts over the civil war remain deep and unresolved.

For journalist and author Huy Duc, the first step towards reconciliation is to acknowledge the very different perspectives on why the war was fought. That has yet to take place.

"Vietnamese people from both sides have to agree on what happened," he said. "People who were sent from the North believed that they fought against the invading Americans and were liberating the South. And many people from the South ... believe it was a civil war, that the South was invaded by the North."

Architect Nguyen Huu Thai, 75, had a front-row seat for the last moments of the war. A student leader in Saigon in the 1960s, he later secretly worked for the North as a member of the National Liberation Front, or Viet Cong, that fought U.S. troops in South Vietnam.

"The reconciliation clock stopped in 1975," said Thai . "Even 40 years later, I still search for real reconciliation."

At noon on April 30, 1975, Thai was at Independence Palace, home to the South Vietnamese president, as the first North Vietnamese tank came crashing through the front gate - an image memorialized on banners all over the city. He helped a soldier find his way to the roof of the building to hang the NLF flag.

A U.S. military helicopter lifts off from the U.S. Embassy in Saigon during the evacuation of authorized personnel and civilians on April 29, 1975. (Photo: AP file photo)

"When we raised the flag, I thought: 'This is not only 30 years of fighting ending, but 117 years,'" he said, counting back to the arrival of French colonial troops in 1858. "Tears were running down my face. It was so emotional, so important."

Afterwards, Thai helped organize the radio broadcast in which South Vietnamese President Duong Van Minh announced his surrender over the airwaves. As the day came to a close, he recalled it being the quietest night he had ever experienced: "All of my life, there were no peaceful times," he said. "Until the night of the 30th. It was such a strange thing for me. In the sky, no more planes, no more flares. On the street, no more military cars racing around."

The tranquil early moments after the end of the war did not last long, however, as the new regime quickly began a period of harsh crackdowns and waves of desperate Vietnamese fled the country. "The winners still had the mentality of war," said Thai.

D.M. Thanh, a lieutenant in the South Vietnamese army, faced the morning of April 30 with dread. "The bright side was that the war had ended, and there wouldn't be any more fighting," he said. "On the other hand, I was very worried. I didn't know what my future would be."

Thanh, like thousands of other South Vietnamese officers, was sent to a re-education camp, where he spent 12 years subject to backbreaking labor, extreme deprivation and Marxist indoctrination. His wife was pregnant with their son when he was sent away and Thanh only saw them twice during his confinement. After he was released, he took over a flower shop his parents owned and has lived quietly since.

Thanh said he doesn't talk about the past with his son, but the memories haunt him. "I forgive, but I can never forget," Thanh said, his eyes welling up.

Vietnam's lack of reconciliation is a theme Duc addresses in his book, The Winning Side, a far more frank and open look at the final days of the war and its aftermath than is found in official Vietnamese literature. The book has not been published in tightly censored Vietnam, but it has been widely read around the country online and in bootleg editions.

"After the war, the winning side did nothing to reconcile the people," Duc said. "They dug the divisions deeper and deeper, even inside the families of the losers of the war. So reconciliation has now become more difficult than on the day of April 30."

One reason the divisions persist is that the ruling Communist Party keeps tight control over the news media so there is no free discussion of the country's past. A recent report by the Committee to Protect Journalists ranked Vietnam the sixth most censored country in the world, worse than China, Iran and Cuba.

Many born after the fall of Saigon pay little attention to the anniversary or the lasting political wounds. They are more focused on enjoying the country's new found prosperity.
A GROWING ECONOMY
The Communists may have won the war, but the capitalists have won this cosmopolitan city that buzzes with entrepreneurial energy. Alongside the hammer-and-sickle flags are Chanel and Cartier boutiques. Young Vietnamese are as selfie- and Facebook-obsessed as peers around the world, and their focus is on how to take advantage of a growing economy.

"Ho Chi Minh City pays more attention to the economy than political issues," said Nguyen Tuan Thanh amid the whir of blenders and espresso machines in Caztus Coffee, a small café he owns. The 25-year-old, with tattooed arms and a Bluetooth receiver in his ear, was inspired by books written by Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz to start a chain of cafés specializing in ice-blended drinks.

Nguyen Tuan Thanh prepares coffee at Caztus Coffee, a cafe he owns in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (Photo: Thomas Maresca)

It would have been much more difficult to start his business - three shops so far - in the North, where personal connections and relationships still dominate the business landscape. "It's much easier to get things done here than Hanoi," he said.

Denise Thi, 30, founder and managing director of a 6-year-old digital marketing firm recently acquired by multinational giant Dentsu Aegis Network, said the anniversary should be a reason to look ahead, not at the past.

Denise Thi, managing director of Emerald Consulting, a digital marketing firm in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, says "In a way you feel so proud of your country for what we have achieved, for how we fought for liberty. But there's another way of celebrating. ... I mean, let's talk about the future, not the past anymore." (Photo: Thomas Maresca for USA TODAY)

"In a w ay y ou feel so pro ud of your country for what we have achieved, for how we fought for liberty," she said. "But there's another way of celebrating. ... I mean, let's talk about the future, not the past anymore."

Journalist Duc argues that the future won't be as bright if Vietnam fails to confront the past and address its long-lasting divisions.

"No matter how strong our economy is, the conflict among Vietnamese people on both sides is still very strong," he said. "So the thing we have to do is not only unify the different parts of the country, but also unify people's hearts."

Read or Share this story: http://usat.ly/1zkEUS7

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40 years later, Vietnam still deeply divided over war

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HO CHI MINH CITY - This bustling city of 8 million that is still called Saigon by many is going all out to celebrate Thursday's 40th anniversary of its fall - the day North Vietnam's Communist army captured South Vietnam's capital. Propaganda posters and billboards marking Liberation Day blanket a downtown brimming with construction cranes and new high-rise buildings.

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Political Cartoon - "Whittling Him Down"

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Political Cartoon - "Whittling Him Down"

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Ho Chi Minh is the octopus in this cartoon who has a grab on all of the territories in Vietnam- and more. The United States is the hand who used the scissors to cut the octopus's legs, which is the U.S. using air strikes to cut off Minh's hold of South Vietnam.

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Political Cartoon - "The Other Ascent into the Unknown"

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Political Cartoon - "The Other Ascent into the Unknown"

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This cartoon is about how the American soldiers are being forced to dive deeper and deeper into the unknown in Vietnam- both with the land and war as well as their lack of knowledge of when it would end. Johnson increased U.S. involvement, so more soldiers had to walk up the stairs into this abyss that is the war in Vietnam.

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In 1979, a Vietnam vet named Jan Scruggs had a vision to create a memorial to the 2.7 million Americans who served in the nation's longest and most controversial war. Despite initial cynicism and opposition, the Memorial was built in 1982. Discover the history of the Vietnam War Memorial Wall and its place in society today.

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The Vietnam War was a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States.

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Academic article on how the Vietnam War affected America

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In May 1970, this event took place at Kent State University to protest further U.S. involvement in Vietnam. The Ohio National Guard responded by shooting into the crowd, killing four students and injuring eight.

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George Washington University anti-war Protest 1971

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George Washington University anti-war Protest 1971

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The Washington Metropolitan Police interfered to stop the demonstration.

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Moratorium March to End the War in Vietnam

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Moratorium March to End the War in Vietnam

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October 15, 1969 in Washington, D.C.

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Helicopter Ambush 1965 (soldiers fighting)

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Helicopter Ambush 1965 (soldiers fighting)

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"The Unknown Soldier" (1968) - The Doors

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"The Unknown Soldier" (1968) - The Doors

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Billy Joel - Goodnight Saigon (Official Video)

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U.S. Troops Stationed in Vietnam - graph

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U.S. Troops Stationed in Vietnam - graph

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-Tunnel Rats: soldiers who explored the dangerous network of tunnels that had been dug and used by the Viet Cong
-Peaceniks: early protesters against the Vietnam War
-Crispy Critters: burn victims
-Sky: to leave
-Log Bird: logistical (resupply) helicopter

-Most Ricky-tick: immediately