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Instinct Theory- the need for hunger, thirst, reproduction, and cleanliness
Stimulus Motives- unlearned, response to external stimuli, drive to do something, understanding our environment
Incentive Theory- desire for external rewards, behavior is motivated by a a desire, motivates you to do things

Self Determination Theory- combines internal and external motivations to provide the greatest motivation, activities that bring the most satisfaction are the ones that allow people to feel in control of their behavior
Sexual  Motivation- influence that hormones have on one's ability to perform sexual actions
Learned Motives-

Yerkes-Dodson Theory- principle that performance increases with arousal up to a point and then performance decreases, moderation so that your performance is good
Self-Actualization- motivated to realize our inner potential by satisfying our need, motivated to achieve goal
Drive Reduction Theory- body constantly tries to maintain homeostasis

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Adaptive-level Phenomenon- ability to form judgments of sounds, lights, based on prior experience (new adaptation becomes normal)
Positive Psychology- study of optimal human functioning, aims to promote conditions that allow people to thrive (Seligman)

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)- Process through which we respond to certain stressful events (Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion)

Yerkes Dodson Theory- optimum stress necessary for optimum performance (too much= bad, too little= bad, right amount= positive/optimal performance)

Type A- competitive
Type B- calm

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1. Levels of Glucose- pancreas senses glucose level, low glucose/high insulin encourages hunger
2. Hypothalamus- lateral hypo. (sides) stimulates hunger, triggers hormone orexin, ventromedial hypo. depresses hunger (lower/middle)

Hypertonicity- cellular dehydration acts because of osmoreceptor in hypothalamus (drink more water)
Hypotension- high pressure baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aorta sense it, renin can be released in renal hypotension (swelling of liquids)

Sodium Stimulates:
Inside cells- monitors in cells detect water level, salt causes cells to lose water, activates hypo.
Outside cells- extracellular fluid detected through kidneys if low increases thirst

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-unlearned motives that encourage exploration of world
-used to obtain information on the world, even when bored (what do you ponder, what is our activity level)

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Aggression- intent to inflict harm and pain, connection to learned helplessness (learn to take aggression or model it)

Achievement- need to excel or overcome obstacles, highly motivated children and upbringing (early independence and encouragement), emotional and cognitive roots (future achievement, birth order, and creativity)

Primary drive- hunger
Secondary drive- derives from a primary (you smell good food so you eat it even though you are not hungry)

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Izard Theory- 10 basic emotions, cross-cultural, present in infancy, all other emotions are a combination of the original 10 (joy, anger disgust, surprise, sadness, fear)

Ekman's Theory- Facial muscles are used to indicate emotion and are universal

Duchene Smile- genuine smile
Facial expression drives emotion (lower heart rates and less stressed)

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James-Lange Theory- the arousal comes before the emotion (pounding heart... then fear)
stimulus -------------> physical change ----------> emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory- the arousal comes at the same time as the emotion
stimulus---------->emotion and physical change

Schachter- Singer Theory- arousal paired with a cognitive label, then the emotion
stimulus--------> cognitive label and physical change-------> emotion

Opponent Process Theory- emotions are in pairs (fear/relief, pleasure/pain, depression/elation)-- similar to color theory for sight
-each pair cannot occur at the same time

-6 basic emotions are joy, anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, and fear

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-Approach-approach conflict:  you must choose between two desirable outcomes
-Avoidance-avoidance conflict: you must choose between two unattractive outcomes
-Approach-avoidance: when ONE event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features (cotton candy tastes good, but bothers your stomach)
-Multiple approach-avoidance: must choose between two or more things, each of which has  both desirable and undesirable features (choosing between colleges: Duke and Harvard; Duke has better weather, but not a very good lacrosse team; Harvard has an ugly color, but a great legacy)

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-motivation- need or desire that directs behavior
-Incentive Theory- positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior
-Physiological vs. Psychological (hunger drives us to eat, fatigue drives us to rest)
-Drive-Reduction Theory- physical need creates a drive to satisfy the need (money reduces the fact that you are hungry)
-Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs- pyramid of human needs, each need must be met successfully to move up; ends with self-actualization
-Hunger Drive/ Weight  Disorders- both internal and external reasons for hunger (Anorexia, Bulimia, and obesity)
-Thirst Drive- reduction of fluid in and outside of cell caused by sodium (reasons of habitual, cultural, and psychogenetic)
-Ventromedial hypothalamus- makes you feel full
-Lateral hypothalamus- makes you hungry
-Sexual Response Cycle- four stages of sexual responding (excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
-Psychology of Sex- what motivate sex? Men and women respond respond to the same stimuli
-Sexual Disorders- problems that consistently impair sexual functioning
-Sexual Orientation- sexual attraction to members of a particular gender (heterosexual- attraction to different gender, homosexual- same gender)
-Need to Belong- Harlow; we need people, we have a need for acceptance, we will change our actions to fit in with certain groups
-Achievement Motivation- Desire for significant accomplishment (extrinsic- desire to perform a behavior for reward or to avoid punishment; intrinsic- desire to perform a behavior for your own sake)

Leadership style
Task vs. Social:
Task- focuses on goals, sets standards (dictator)
Social- Mediates conflict, builds teamwork (democratic)
Theory X vs Theory Y:
X- Constant monitoring of workers, hovers
Y- intrinsic motivation, share control

Industrial Organizational Psych- studies how managers can best enhance the workplace