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Group 6: Challenges to the Revolution - Political

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Group 6: Challenges to the Revolution - Political

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Vendée Rebellion :

The Vendée resented the direction of Paris, and were deeply conservative and counter-revolutionary.

Some of the main causes to their revolt were because of rising land taxes, the national government’s attacks on the church, the execution of Louis XVI, the expansion of the revolutionary war and the introduction of conscription.

Federalists Revolt: was not counter-revolutionary like in the Vendée, but mainly against the radical path the revolution was now taking. They rose up against what they perceived to be a centralised governing power in Paris. They wanted a Federalist Republic instead of a strong central administration in Paris.​

Peasants from Vendée opposed regicide of the King and conscription – formed the Catholic and Royal Army

o  National Convention ordered the formation 12 army divisions called the Colonnes Infernales (‘Infernal Columns’) to attack Vendée

Destroyed buildings

§ Burnt crops

§ 6,000 people, including 400 children were guillotined or forcibly drowned

·        Revolutionaries from Lyon supported Republic but opposed power of popular movement – seized local government from Jacobin deputies and raised an army of 10,000 men to march to Paris

o  National Convention declared Lyon a “Rebel City”

o  Ordered all inhabitants to leave

o  Sent in Revolutionary Army to crush resistance

o  2,000 Federalists executed after Siege of Lyon (October 1793)

·        Bordeaux – 104 sent to the guillotine

·        Toulon – 800 killed, a further 282 sent to the guillotine

·        Albert Saboul – “The rising in the Vendée was the most dangerous example of the various forms of resistance encountered by the Revolution and was symptomatic of the widespread discontent of the peasantry.”

·        William Doyle – “This was ‘an open rebellion against the entire course of the Revolution had taken’.”

·        Peter McPhee – “The revolt ‘was not initially counter-revolutionary so much as anti-revolutionary’.”

·        Dylan Rees – “‘It is appropriate to describe the Vendée as an “anti-revolutionary” rather than counter-revolution in that it was directed more against the Revolution and its demands rather than for a restoration of the old regime.’”

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Group 1: A Second New Order - The 1793 Republican Constitution

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Group 1: A Second New Order - The 1793 Republican Constitution

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From 1792-1794 there was a more radical attempt to create a new society and new citizens, led by Robespierre and the Jacobins.

What sort of society did the revolutionaries hope to create?
They wanted to change not just the political structure but they wanted to change the people aswell, they wanted to turn the people from being subjects to citizens this meant active involvement. This required a social, cultural and psychological change from a cultural defence to a culture of citizenship people of all social types felt they had equal status. Politically all the people were participated in government though democracy.  ​

How were these stated in the Constitution? How was this constitution different from the one in 1791?
The 1793 Republican Constitution allowed not only ‘active citizens’ to vote, as the 1791 constitution had, but granted universal male suffrage allowing more people to be involved in the government. It also established a republic where the earlier constitution established a constitutional monarchy. The most radical new idea from the 1794 Constitution was the recognition of the ‘right to insurrection’. This gave working people the right to put direct pressure on the National Assembly to recognise their needs. This was formal, constitutional recognition that the popular movement’s practise of direct democracy was justified when a government was oppressive. This was written in article 35: When the government violates the rights of the people, insurrection is for the people, and for every portion thereof, the most sacred or rights and the most indispensable of duties.

The social reforms of the new constitution meant that by selling noble land in small lots, working people could afford to buy strips (3 June 1793). Common land in villages was also divided out equally (10 June 1793) and remaining feudal dues were abolished without compensation (17 July 1793) to demonstrate that a Paris- based revolution could still produce benefits for peasants and working people in the provinces.

How did they try to change everyday life and consciousness?
The key principle was that the people were the source of sovereignty (final authority). Under the old regime, the king was directly under god. Under the 1971 constitution, the sovereignty came directly from the nation. The idea of the right to insurrection was introduced to give the right to working people to put pressure on the National assembly to recognise their needs.​

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Group 5: The Vendeee Revolt - Histoian Opinions: 

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Group 5: The Vendeee Revolt - Histoian Opinions: 

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Albert Seboul
"The rising of the Vendee was the most dangerous example of various forms of resistance encountered by the Revolution and was symptomatic of the widespread discontent of the peasentry."

William Doyle
This was "an open rebellion against the entire course the revolution had taken"

Peter Mcphee
The revolt "was not initially counter-revoltionary so much as anti-revolutionary"

Dlyan Rees
"It is appropriate to describe the Vendee as an "anti-revolution" rather than a counter-revoltion in that it was directed more against the Revolution and its demands than for the restoration of the old regime"

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Group 5: Challenges to the Revolution - Military Counterrevolution in the Vendee

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Group 5: Challenges to the Revolution - Military Counterrevolution in the Vendee

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The Vendée is a province of western France, which, throughout the course of the revolution, was the sight of ever growing counter-revolutionary tension resulting in outright rebellion and civil war in 1793. The rebellion was far from spontaneous; in the years leading up to it, the Vendée established itself as a very conservative and heavily catholic region, opposed to many changes that the revolution brought about. An almost entirely rural region, the Vendée was not affected as badly as much of the rest of France by the poor harvests of the late 1780’s, and so the people generally lived more comfortable stable lives. The people of the Vendée were noticeably quite during the Great Fear, expressing mild approval at proposed feudal reforms but never resorting to the same violence as the rest of the countryside did. The area was quite royalist and conservative, devotedly Catholic, and also against the attempted invasion of Austria; three attributes that fanatic revolutionaries weren’t exactly fond of. When the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was passed in July 1790, 90% of the Vendées priests refused to take the new Clerical Oath, and later attempts to force them were met with violent resistance in the area. The conservative people of the Vendée were again angered when the King whom they had been fairly supportive of lost his head in early 1793.

The final tipping point was the passing of conscription to aid the military efforts against Austria in February 1793. The Assembly called for 300,000 men to be enlisted from the provinces, sending fury throughout the Vendée, whose people had no love for the Austrian war and even less for the government which supported it.

The violence began in March, where scores of people of all classes in the Vendée rose up, refused to join the army and launched attacks on National Guard members and representatives of the National Convention.   The rebellion soon turned into a civil war. Within 3 months the counter-revolutionaries had formed a poorly trained but armed (though admittedly mostly with farming equipment) force of perhaps 40,000, mostly male peasants and labourers, though some were reported to be as young as 12 or woman disguised as men. They adopted the very catchy name of “The Catholic and Royal Army”, and the motto “Dieu et Roi”, or “God and King”, which is basically just the name of the army but shorter.

The rebellion started off well enough, catching the republicans by surprise and capturing a number of towns in the Vendée and many surrounding provinces, their numbers growing as other counter-revolutionaries from the surrounding provinces flocked to their aid. However, the war turned sour for the CRA when, around August 1793, 30,000 men of the republican army were marched into the Vendées with orders to burn houses, capture livestock and slaughter rebels whenever possible. The CRA faced major defeats while trying to capture the city of Nantes and numerous other towns and cities, and their men were chipped away by numerous military failures. By December the main force numbered only 6000, which was then crushed by a force of 18000 republicans at the Battle of Savenay. The republican army then continued to spread through the Vendée, slaughtering anyone who expressed anything close to counter revolutionary views, burning towns, crops and forests as they went. Long after the CRA had been defeated the terror continued in the Vendée, with perhaps up to 50000 men women and children being guillotined or forcibly drowned, a method dubbed “national baths”, in the first 6 months of 1794. The Vendée uprising is a perfect example of the utter ruthlessness with which counter-revolutionaries were dealt with in the terror of the new French Republic.

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More than just a journalist
Assassinated
Radical
Always in the bath
Totes committed 2 da rev

- Peter Mcphee, 2k16

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The Girodins were one of two major political parties formed in the National Convention after the dissipation of the Legislative Assembly, the other major group being the Montagnards.

The Girodins formed during 1791 and were primarily based around a republican lawyer and Jacobin club speaker named Jacques-Pierre Brissot.

The Girodins also known as the Brissotins were very popular and at one point had around 200 deputies in the National Convention. The group was led by a group called the 'inner six' who were in charge of policy making.

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Group 3: Challenges to the Revolution - Military

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Group 3: Challenges to the Revolution - Military

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Q: Who made up the First coalition that fought revolutionary France and how did the government respond to the problem... and have some success in doing so?

A: 'Twas Formed by England that included Russia, Austro-Hungary and Spain as well as Holland, Sardinia, Naples, Portugal and other small German states.. The French government responded by conscripting 300,000 new troops and declared a total war emergency. The French fought on, slowly regaining ground. Every citizen also now had some duty: veterans were urged to sit in public squares and fire young people's minds with heroic stories to arouse hatred of kings and love of republics.

Q: Research one of the causes and responses to the military challenges faced by the Revolution. Outline specific details (A good example would be the Levee en Masse)

A: Dumouriez, who lead the counter offensive against the Prussians and Austrian in 1792, disliked the radical deputies of the national convention  and wanted to re-establish the Constitution of 1791.  He failed in attempting to enlist his troops to march on Paris, and on April 5th, under threat from the Convention he defected to Austria. In response, the Convention created the committee of public safety, a body of 12 emergency dictatorial powers. The Girondins were accused having been associated with Dumouriez. This was a contributing factor to the fall from power of the Girondins.

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Group 2 Challenges to Revolution - Financial

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Group 2 Challenges to Revolution - Financial

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·        During the chaos of the revolution, society was disrupted and people stopped paying taxes. By late 1792 only 50 per cent of taxes were paid. This resulted in France’s revenue plummeting.

·        Financial challenge faced by the revolution was the large debt of the nation. The national assembly confiscated church lands (Biens Nationaux) and auctioned it for the highest price.

·        The money from the selling of the Biens Nationaux was used the money to support the new paper currency, the Assignat. However due to inflation the assignat dropped in value. Decreasing by 20 per cent in value between June 1971 and March 1792. By early 1793 the assignat’s value fell to 51 per cent of its original worth. People began hoarding metal coins, causing shortage of hard currency.

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Group 4 Economic Challenges to the Revolution

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Group 4 Economic Challenges to the Revolution

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Explain how the Parisian Mob responded to the food crisis and how they tried to force the government to support them. What did they ask for and who were the enragés?

Research one of the causes and responses to the Economic Challenge faced by the Revolution. Outline specific details (A good example would be the Maximum (demanded by the Enrages) Example=Food Crisis of February 1793

They petitioned the Jacobin club and Convention for government regulation of prices. When they refused the Sans Culottes implemented "popular taxation" which meant breaking in to shops, declaring a fair price for goods and then selling the goods at that price and giving the money to the shopkeeper. These riots continued through March when the Jacobin began to blame Girnondins for food shortages. On May 4th the Convention took its first steps toward price controls, fixing the price of wheat and flour. Girondins were against price fixing.

The enrages were a radical group - literally 'the enraged ones'.They were a cluster of individuals who raged against anyone they believed was profiting from high food prices. They were class levellers who wanted a society of economic equality.

Following the ousting of Girondins June 2nd 1793 (ousted because they were blamed for food shortages) and the arrest of Roux (leader of enrages) August, San Culottes petitioned the Convention (September 1793) for a fixed maximum price on goods or they might 'rise up and cut off the heads of the rich, as they have done to the courtiers of the king'. On September 29th, days after this petition, the Convention responded by passing the Law of the Maximum which imposed a maximum price on dozens of essential goods, mostly food items. The limitations imposed by the Maximum discouraged farmers and producers who began to hoard food rather than sell it at low prices so less reached the cities so it didn't solve anything.

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Group 3: Challenges to the Revolution - Military

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Group 3: Challenges to the Revolution - Military

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Group 7: Psychological Challenge (Assassination of Marat)

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Group 7: Psychological Challenge (Assassination of Marat)

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. The first assassination was of Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau on the 20th of January 1793 in response to him voting for the King's execution.
. Then, in July Marat was stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday, who claimed the revolution had lost it's legality and justice.
.  In the days following his death the people responded by immortalising him and  heralding him as a martyr of the revolution , with his funeral attended by thousands, and his heart embalmed and kept in the Corderliers club.
. The Assassination created a sense of paranoia that the revolution was threatened by invisible enemies as people became suspicious of everybody around them, causing tension throughout France. It also contributed to making the Convention begin to adopt "revolutionary measures", in response to the building panic of the public, such as the revolutionary tribunal (created to try traitors) and the committees of vigilance (which kept an eye on foreigners and suspected traitors to the revolution).
. Eventually, this paranoia, among other things, capitulated in the Terror, resulting in the loss of many lives, and the political overthrow of many political blocs.

Marats influence on the revolution from 1972 to 1793 was....
. In September 1792 he was elected to the National Convention
. Over the next six months he attacked anyone he saw as enemy to the revolution in his newspaper, "L'Ami de peuple" such as various members of the Girondin club.
. He was also key in the September Massacres as he urged people to attack the Prisons and spread rumors that they were full of conspirators, saying "Let the blood of the traitors flow. That is the only way to save the country".
. In April 1793 he was arrested on the basis of causing widespread violence and also calling for the suspension of the National Convention, but managed to get himself acquitted.
.  Two months later, when the Girondins were expelled from the convention, Marat rose to a position of power both within the Convention and on the streets of Paris.
. Soon after, he was assassinated by Charlotte, who gained entry by telling Marat she had a list of Girondin names for him.

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Hi guys, sorry I'm not here, we will be discussing the work that was completed here today and the work on the individuals on Friday. Remember you may need to copy and paste the questions into a new textbox if you are struggling to write in them. Also, do a good job, because you will need to do some work with this over the weekend.
Cheers

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General Dumouriez defects to the Austrians in April 1793. Seen as a Girondin supporter (he was the Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Girondin Ministry in 1792) this triggered the fall of the Girondin from popular support.

Additionally, the Girondin tried to attack and put to trial Marat “for accusing deputies” of being accomplices of Dumouriez.

Simon Schama has described this as a ”collective disaster for the Girondins” as they ignored the principle of immunity of prosecution of the members of the National Convention, something that would be used against them shortly.

Research and discuss other factors that cause the downfall of the Girondins. What is the significance of this fall

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Hi guys, sorry I'm not here, we will be discussing the work that was completed here today and the work on the individuals on Friday. Remember you may need to copy and paste the questions into a new textbox if you are struggling to write in them. Also, do a good job, because you will need to do some work with this over the weekend.
Cheers

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Cause 1: Defection of General Dumouriez

General Dumouriez defects to the Austrians in April 1793. Seen as a Girondin supporter (he was the Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Girondin Ministry in 1792) this triggered the fall of the Girondin from popular support.

Additionally, the Girondin tried to attack and put to trial Marat “for accusing deputies” of being accomplices of Dumouriez.

Simon Schama has described this as a ”collective disaster for the Girondins” as they ignored the principle of immunity of prosecution of the members of the National Convention, something that would be used against them shortly.

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Group 7: The Psychological Challenge - Assassination of Marat

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Group 7: The Psychological Challenge - Assassination of Marat

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Explain how the Assassination of Marat created fear and changed the attitude of the Revolutionaries.

Research the response of the Convention to the Assassination of Marat. How did the people respond? How did it create tensions in France?

How was the Revolutionary leader Marat influential on the Revolution between September 1972 and the end of 1793?

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Group 6: Challenges to the Revolution - Political

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Group 6: Challenges to the Revolution - Political

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June 1793 – Rebellion in the large trading cities in the South of France – Bordeaux, Lyons, Toulouse, Toulon and Marseilles.
In response to the arrest of Girondins deputies (most of which came from these cities) on June 2 they rejected the rule of Paris in Bordeaux and were soon joined by the others
Demanding that the convention be protected from the people of Paris. They wanted the elected representatives to work without intimidation. They wanted a Federalist Republic instead of a strong central administration in Paris.
The Convention punished these revolts severely.

Explain the difference between the Vendée Rebellion and the Federalists Revolt. Why did these two areas react differently? What were each of them fighting for? Explain the governments response to the Federalists Revolt.

Research the repression of the Federalists Revolts and other responses by the Convention to the Revolt (examples could be the mitraillades and négotiantisme, or the Noyades at Nantes (Vendée))

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Group 5: Challenges to the Revolution - Military Counterrevolution in the Vendee

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Group 5: Challenges to the Revolution - Military Counterrevolution in the Vendee

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Explain the uprising in the Vendée and the ensuing Civil War. Why was this region so counter-revolutionary and why did the policies of the government anger them?

Research in detail the Vendée Rebellion and how the assembly responded to this Crisis.

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Group 4: Challenges to the Revolution - Economic

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Group 4: Challenges to the Revolution - Economic

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Explain how the Parisian Mob responded to the food crisis and how they tried to force the government to support them. What did they ask for and who were the enragés?

Research one of the causes and responses to the Economic Challenge faced by the Revolution. Outline specific details (A good example would be the Maximum (demanded by the Enrages) Example=Food Crisis of February 1793

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Group 3: Challenges to the Revolution - Military

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Group 3: Challenges to the Revolution - Military

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Who made up the First Coalition that fought Revolutionary France and how did the government respond to the problem…and have some success in doing so?

Research one of the causes and responses to the Military Challenge faced by the Revolution. Outline specific details (A good example would be the Levee en Masse)

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Group 2: Challenges to the Revolution - Financial

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Group 2: Challenges to the Revolution - Financial

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Financial Challenge – Outline the Challenge and how the Government Responded to the Challenge – Did they effectively deal with the Challenge?

Research one of the causes and responses to the Financial Challenge faced by the Revolution. Outline specific details

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Group 1: A Second New Order - The 1793 Republican Constitution 

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Group 1: A Second New Order - The 1793 Republican Constitution 

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From 1792-1794 there was a more radical attempt to create a new society and new citizens, led by Robespierre and the Jacobins.

What sort of society did the revolutionaries hope to create?

How were these stated in the Constitution? How was this constitution different from the one in 1791?

How did they try to change everyday life and consciousness?

Using Chapter 14 (and other sources for 1791 Constitution) answer these two questions