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Independence of Afghanistan from British control

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Zahir Shah became the King

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1947 - Pakistan had been founded in as a secular democracy.

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Beginning of alliance with the USSR

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Formation of the Afghan Communist Party

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The establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan under the rule of Mohammed Daoud Khan with a close relation to the USSR

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Pakistan was ruled by a military dictator named Muhammed Zia al-Haq, a political Islamist.

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Saur Revolution

Mohammed Daoud ordered the arrest of Communist students protesting his rule. This resulted in Daoud being shot dead. Afghanistan's government began a new Communist regime after his death.

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The leader of Afghanistan (Kahn) is overthrown and replaced with a Marxist-Leninist government. This prompts US intervention in the form of money given to anti-communist militias and resistance groups.

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Moscow Nur Mohammed Taraki, a communist leader, met with Soviet Premier Brezhnev for advice on reducing hostility among groups in Afghanistan. Brezhnev recommended killing the president of Afghanistan, Hafizullah Amin. Amin killed Taraki instead.

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USSR invaded Afghanistan in December 1979 and installed a new leader provoking violent resistance lasting 10 years. More than 1,000,000 Afghans were killed and 5-7 million fled to Iran and Pakistan.

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The funneling of money to Pakistan’s intelligence services, who then funneled it into the hands of the resistance, eventually prompted a Soviet invasion.

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The United States throws its full backing. It goes from meddling and funneling and agitating to outright saying, “Okay, we need to support the mujahedeen,” and allying themselves with the anti-communist resistance movement.

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The Iranian Revolution over-threw a dictatorship and replaced it with an Islamic republican government. The Iranians hoped to export their revolution and form of Islam throughout the region.

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As insurgency groups ( also calledthe Mujahideen) intensify and the Afgan Army fails to deal with them effectively, the Soviet Union takes matters into their own hands and begin bombing the countryside and the mujahideen. This will lead to a refugee crisis in 1982

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Osama bin Laden formed the group al-Qaida (“the base”) to continue their jihad against the Soviets and others who held opposite goals against a pure nation governed by Islam.

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Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan because but they were unable to defeat the mujahideen and their likelihood of succeeding seemed very low. Additionally, the war was very costly, and the war was very unpopular. This withdraw coincided with the end of the Cold War.

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The Soviet Union collapsed, and the US government didn’t want to keep providing resources to Afghanistan. Because of this the rivalries between mujahideen groups grew into a civil war for power and control of Kabul. This resulted in the death of tens of thousands of citizens deaths.

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The Mujahadeen and other rebel groups stormed the capital, Kabul, and oust Najibullah from power

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1995 Taliban rose to power. The US refused to recognize Taliban. 

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1995 Taliban rose to power. The US refused to recognize Taliban. 

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2000 Taliban refused to extradite bin Laden. The US punished Afghanistan with sanctions. 

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2000 Taliban refused to extradite bin Laden. The US punished Afghanistan with sanctions. 

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2001. 911 attack. bin Laden hid in Afghanistan. 

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2001. 911 attack. bin Laden hid in Afghanistan. 

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The US begins with a bombing campaign but the Taliban didn't have air support. So, they pursued peace quickly.

In October 2001, they offer to hand over Osama bin Laden in return for an end to the bombing campaign. The Bush administration disregarded it and then made a formal invasion.

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The US wanted to rebuild Afghanistan, but most of the money they sent went to the military contractors and warlords, leaving the Afghan people in poverty

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Taliban leaders surrender the group’s final Afghan territory on Dec 9. The rule of the Taliban in Afghanistan has ended.

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It offered an opportunity to think of the future in a different way because there was a sense of hopelessness with the Taliban. There is a great activity of optimism and an attempt to really reform society. but the US was still a major aggressor "And so young Afghans would grow up with the experience of, okay, I can go to school today, something I may not have been able to do under the Taliban. But that also means that if the skies are blue, I might get droned." (Stewart).  It caused a lot of tension and anxiety for Afghans.

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The grand council elected U.S.-backed Hamid Karzai as interim leader

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The interim leader Karzai was elected as the president.

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America removes its troops from Afghanistan and the Taliban regains control

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Although US troops are gone, US drone strikes are going to continue. No expert can definitely say what the future is going to be like for Afghanistan.