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Which personality traits would you consider to be the most important for accounting related job( e.g; auditor, accounting execives? Explain your answer 

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Which personality traits would you consider to be the most important for accounting related job( e.g; auditor, accounting execives? Explain your answer 

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During a diversity management decision, a manager suggests that stereotypes are necessary part of working with others. Discuss the merit of and problems with the manager's statement.

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During a diversity management decision, a manager suggests that stereotypes are necessary part of working with others. Discuss the merit of and problems with the manager's statement.

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Based on McClelland's Learned Need Theory, a person's needs can be strengthened through reinforcement, learning and social conditions. in your opinion, which needs will help to strengthen an accountant's motivation? 

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Based on McClelland's Learned Need Theory, a person's needs can be strengthened through reinforcement, learning and social conditions. in your opinion, which needs will help to strengthen an accountant's motivation? 

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Is being an accountant/accounting executive a stressful role? why and why not? how do you handle it? 

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Is being an accountant/accounting executive a stressful role? why and why not? how do you handle it? 

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Can a manager or supervisor 'empower' an employee? Discuss

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Can a manager or supervisor 'empower' an employee? Discuss

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You are responsible for convening a major event which involving several universities in Asia. What team decision making problem are likely to occur and what actions can you take to minimize these problem?

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You are responsible for convening a major event which involving several universities in Asia. What team decision making problem are likely to occur and what actions can you take to minimize these problem?

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'People are our most important assets'. Relate this statement to any 2 perspectives of organizational effectiveness

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'People are our most important assets'. Relate this statement to any 2 perspectives of organizational effectiveness

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The 2  perspectives of organizational effectiveness which are open system perspective. This perspective views organizations as complex organism that “live” within an external environment.  They

depend on the external environment for resources, then use organizational subsystems to transform those resources into outputs, which are returned to the environment. Organizations receive feedback from the external environment to maintain a good “fit” with that environment.  Fit occurs by adapting to the environment, managing the environment, or moving to another environment. The first way to fit with the external environment is to change the company’s products and services. For an example, Zara, the world’s largest fashion retailer, relies on continuous adaption to maintain a good fit with its highly

volatile external environment. Besides that, the second perspectives are stakeholder perspective. Stakeholders include individuals, organisations and other entities that affected by the organisation's objectives and actions. They include anyone with a stake in the company—employees, shareholders, suppliers, labour unions, governments, communities, consumer and environmental interest groups, and so on. The essence of the stakeholder perspective is that companies must take into account how their actions affect others, and this requires that they understand, manage and satisfy the interests of their stakeholders. The stakeholder perspective personalizes the open-systems perspective. It identifies specific people and social entities in the external and internal environment.

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In my opinion, I consider that the most important personality traits for accounting related job is the conscientiousness. This is because the research suggests that conscientiousness is the personality trait most often correlated with job performance. Conscientious people tend to be super organized, responsible, and plan ahead. For example, they work hard in the face of challenges and can control their impulses. This could increase their job performance.

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Yes stressful.
Why ?
1. Excessive workloads.2. Few opportunities for growth or advancement.

Handle stress:
1. Develop healthy responses
2. Take time to recharge. To avoid the negative effects of chronic stress and burnout, we need time to replenish and return to our pre-stress level of functioning.

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The 2  perspectives of organizational effectiveness which are open system perspective. This perspective views organizations as complex organism that “live” within an external environment.  They

depend on the external environment for resources, then use organizational subsystems to transform those resources into outputs, which are returned to the environment. Organizations receive feedback from the external environment to maintain a good “fit” with that environment.  Fit occurs by adapting to the environment, managing the environment, or moving to another environment. The first way to fit with the external environment is to change the company’s products and services. For an example, Zara, the world’s largest fashion retailer, relies on continuous adaption to maintain a good fit with its highly

volatile external environment. Besides that, the second perspectives are stakeholder perspective. Stakeholders include individuals, organisations and other entities that affected by the organisation's objectives and actions. They include anyone with a stake in the company—employees, shareholders, suppliers, labour unions, governments, communities, consumer and environmental interest groups, and so on. The essence of the stakeholder perspective is that companies must take into account how their actions affect others, and this requires that they understand, manage and satisfy the interests of their stakeholders. The stakeholder perspective personalizes the open-systems perspective. It identifies specific people and social entities in the external and internal environment.

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In my opinion, I consider that the most important personality traits for accounting related job is the conscientiousness. This is because the research suggests that conscientiousness is the personality trait most often correlated with job performance. Conscientious people tend to be super organized, responsible, and plan ahead. For example, they work hard in the face of challenges and can control their impulses. This could increase their job performance

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The open system is one of the perspectives of organizational effectiveness which implies this system is regularly exchanged feedback with its external environment. This system is structured to accommodate contingencies problem and opportunities that come from the external environment since the organizations are strongly influenced by their environment. Such as cultural value, economic conditions, political environment, quality of education and so on. As an open system, all large organizations are comprised of multiple subsystems, each of which receives inputs from other subsystems and turn them into outputs for use by other subsystems. Inputs are included raw material, human resources, information, finances, and equipment that will become the subsystems for the transformation process. Human resources are the most important asset of an organization. The success or failure of an organization is largely dependent on the caliber of the people working therein. Without positive and creative contributions from people, organizations cannot progress and prosper. In order to achieve the goals or the activities of an organization, therefore, they need to recruit people with requisite skills, qualifications, and experience.

Organizational learning perspectives is a perspective which holds that organizational effectiveness depends on the organizational capacity to acquire, share, use, and store valuable knowledge. Organizations nurture their intellectual capital through four organizational learning processes including knowledge acquisition, sharing, use, and storage.

Knowledge acquisition is extracting information and idea from the external environment as well as through insight. People are an important asset in an organization since the knowledge acquisition process can be done by hiring an individual or buying entire companies. This is because the employee plays roles in helping to scan the external environment and interpreting message from external sources. For example, staff may collect feedback and survey from the customer in order to improve customer service experience and develop better products.

Knowledge sharing is distributing knowledge to others within the organization. It can be occurred by observing, experience, training, and practice. For example, employee especially attends to the annual dinner, they will share and gain experience and knowledge with each other.

Knowledge use is the competitive advantage of knowledge comes from applying it in ways that add value to the organization and its stakeholders. The employee must realize that the knowledge is available and that they have enough autonomy to apply it. This requires a culture that encourages experimentation and open communication.

Knowledge storage is the process of holding knowledge for later retrieval. In other words, it involves preserving the organization’s intellectual capital. This store of knowledge can be called as organizational memory. Knowledge store can be embedded in the organization by using documents, objects, and some way that is useful about how an organization should operate. For example, newcomers apprentice learns from a skilled employee by transferring knowledge.

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Two perspectives of organisation effectiveness have open systems perspective and stakeholder perspective.

1. Open System Perspective is foundation for the other three organisational effectiveness perspectives. Open System Perspective views organisation are complex system that "live" within an external environment. It depend on external environment for resources and transform inputs to outputs.

2. Stakeholder Perspective recognize the importance of relations with stakeholder. Stakeholder includes entities who are affected by the firm's objectives and action such as employee, customer, and supplier. The essence of the stakeholder perspective is that companies must take into account how their actions affect others, and this requires that they understand, manage and satisfy the interests of their stakeholders.

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In my opinion, the most important personality traits for accounting related job are conscientiousness and agreeableness. Conscientiousness measures a person’s reliability and dependability. Accounting related jobs need good organisational skills as they have to manage large amount of data, figures, and paper works. The accountants should be able to organise their work to maximize productivity and complete tasks in effective manner. Moreover, time management skill is also important for accountants and auditors to organise their appointments, client meetings, phone calls, and tasks. Agreeableness shows how well a person can get along with other people. Accountants should have the ability to be trusted because they deal with highly confidential information. They need to be honest and trustworthy and never impart any knowledge to third parties. The reputation for trustworthiness will help them in scoring great jobs. Besides, it is also important for accountants to be flexible so that they could respond and adapt to changes in their working environments effectively.

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Conscientiousness is the most important for accounting related job. This trait implies a person who is organized, dependable, desire to do a task well and take obligations to others seriously. The accountant must keep up with all data, figures, and paperwork in their daily job and hence an accountant requires good organizations skills. It saves time because they have a system that allows them to find the information they need efficiently. As a result, they can complete their work on time and in good order. Besides, the accountant must have conscientiousness in order to become a dependable person. This trait is important because it can ensure confidentiality in all the information. They should not share company information with third parties without any proper authority. Therefore, they should only disclose this to the concerned parties.

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The 2 perspectives of organizational effectiveness are open systems perspective which the organizations are complex systems that “live” and depend on the external environment. Transform the inputs such as raw materials, human resources, information, finances and the equipment from the subsystems to outputs as products or services, community support and shareholders’ dividends.  Transformation will receive the feedback and respond from the external environment. The effective organizations maintain a close “fit” with changing conditions and transform inputs to outputs efficiently and flexibility.

Organizational learning perspective is the second effectiveness is an organization’s capacity to acquire, share, use, and store the valuable knowledge. The employees can share their own experiences, knowledge, skills and other useful information with each other. Also need to consider both stock which the intellectual knowledge and the flow of organization learning process of acquisition, sharing, use and storage.

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In my opinion, the most important personality traits for accounting related job is conscientiousness. The conscientiousness is the strongest personality predictors of the performance and always makes follow-up calls to ensure everything is going well. The accounting related job needs to follow-up on time so easily to figure out the inappropriate data and amount. Conscientiousness makes the individuals duty well and thoroughly. The openness to experience also is an important personality traits for accounting related job which the individuals have adaptability to change when there have new accounting information and interact with others to gain more knowledge and improve own skills.

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1. Organizational learning views employees as reasonably important because they hold a large portion of intellectual capital (human capital and possibly some forms of relationship capital). People bring knowledge into the organization and are largely responsible for sharing that knowledge.
2. High performance work practices views people (employees) as the most critical resource. HPWPs embrace the human capital model; they consider employees as competitive advantage.

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1. Conscientiousness. Conscientious employees set higher personal goals for themselves and are more persistent.They also engage in more organizational citizenship and in less counterproductive work behavior.
2. Extraversion. Assertive employees with a positive orientation frame situations as challenges rather than threats, so they have a stronger “can-do” belief.
3. Agreeableness. Employees with high agreeableness are motivated to be cooperative, sensitive, flexible, and supportive.

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1. Organizational learning perspective.
- People are considered as the most important asset as the organizational relies heavily on knowledge as their resource. People bring in knowledge into the company through various forms such as human capital where the employees possess the skills and abilities that may provide economic value to the organization.

2. Stakeholder Perspective.
- Organizations claimed that they seem to be working more effective when they consider the needs and expectations of stakeholders, be it employees, suppliers, consumers, etc (people).

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1. Conscientiousness.
- For people who are working in jobs related to accounting, they must possess a good skill in managing their time and also being organized. For example, an accountant must have high organizational skills as they are the ones who must keep up with all the datas, figures and paperworks at work.

2. Openness to experiences.
- Accountants/auditors must have creative minds because they need to practice the out of the box thinking and come up with fresh solutions for their clients. Some of the problems they encounter are not textbook cases and require special attention and a degree of creativity in order to solve it.

3. Extraversion.
- Accountants/auditors with natural drive of social interaction tend to be more successful as they are able to commmunicate and relay information well to other people, be it the upper management or the clients. Also, they are easy to work with as they can cooperate and collaborate as a team.

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1) High performance work practices (HPWP)
- arguably the perspective that views people (employees) as the most critical resource. HPWPs embrace the human capital model; they consider employees as competitive advantage. HPWP are practices to leverage or unleash the competitive advantage potential of employees.

2) Stakeholder
- Employees are one type of stakeholder, so the statement applies to this perspective. It recognizes that employees have a vested interest in the organization and its actions.

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The first perspective of organizational effectiveness is the Organizational Learning Perspective. An organization’s effectiveness depends on it's capacity to acquire, share, use, and store valuable knowledge. This perspective views employees as reasonably important because they hold a large portion of intellectual capital (human capital, structural capital and relationship capital). People bring knowledge into the organization and are largely responsible for sharing that knowledge. Knowledge use is also ultimately a human endeavor.

Secondly, there is the High-Performance Work Practices Perspective. This perspective holds that effective organizations incorporate several workplace practices that leverage the potential of human capital. This is arguably the perspective that views people (employees) as the most critical resource. HPWPs embrace the human capital model. They consider employees as competitive advantage. HPWP are practices to leverage or unleash the competitive advantage potential of employees.

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Conscientiousness would be the personality trait that i consider to be the most important for accounting related jobs. This is because conscientiousness characterizes people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious. People with low conscientiousness tend to be careless, disorganized, and less thorough.

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Open System perspective is the classical way of measuring organizational effectiveness. It is treated as a system that interact with external environment through feedback and outputs. Organizations need inputs such as human, resources and raw materials from external environment. Some outputs are desirable to external environment such as products and services and some are undesirable outputs such as pollution.

High Performance Work Practices (HPWPS) are employee management tactics that increase the productivity and profit of organizations. When these tactics are applied throughout the organization over time, they increase employee engagement, support high performance, productivity, build customer trust and loyalty and in turn increase profits.

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Conscientiousness is the most important personality traits because it reflects the degree to which a person is dependable, responsible, perseverance and achievement driven. An accountant must be able to be task and goal directed. They must carry a higher degree of concern for legal aspects and rules and must have high ethical standards.

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1. Organisational learning perspective

Represent the organisation’s capacity to share, acquire, use, and store valuable knowledge by consider with both stock and flow of knowledge which are intellectual capital for stock of knowledge and the flow of knowledge.

2. High performance work practices (HPWP)
It holds that effective organisations incorporate several workplace practices that leverage the potential human capital.  It is quite similar to organisational learning as the knowledge, skill and abilities that employees carry out in their heads is an important source of competitive advantag.The four most important work practices which are employee involvement, job autonomy, develop competencies and performance-based rewards in fact help achieve and improve organisation goals and effectiveness.

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Conscientiousness
- As an auditor or accountant, they must well organized and plan for their job from the beginning until the end of the project. Example, auditor must have time frame to complete their audit job from understanding the client background and check their documents until the audit report is finalized in three week time period.

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1171302680

Personality traits that are needed to be a successful professional are

1. Conscientiousness
This relates to the ability of a person of being organized and dependable. A person who knows how to take on a certain responsibility with proper management be able to carry his job fluidly, thus making him able to be depent on.

2. Agreeableness
Being helpful and trusting in an organization is really important in teamwork. Delegation of job responsibilities won’t be able to run smoothly if team members do not trust and rely each other.

3. Openness to experience
Being creative and willing to learn new things are a highly sought traits of a professional because it indicates that he is ready to compromise and engage in a learning session with his colleagues.

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Stereotypes are characteristics imposed upon groups of people because of their race, nationality, and sexual orientation. Stereotyping helps us to fill in missing information, such as the non-observable characteristics of a person that only become apparent after a long time. Stereotyping also helps us to organize information more efficiently by placing people into predetermined categories. Besides that, stereotyping makes it difficult for people to alter their beliefs about a person regarding traits that conflict with the stereotype.

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Being an accountant/accounting executive is a stressful role. This is because they need to perform a lot of tasks such as

Examine statements to ensure accuracy

Ensure that statements and records comply with laws and regulations

Compute taxes owed, prepare tax returns, ensure prompt payment

Inspect account books and accounting systems to keep up to date

Organize and maintain financial records

Improve businesses efficiency where money is concerned

Make best-practices recommendations to management

Suggest ways to reduce costs, enhance revenues and improve profits

Provide auditing services for businesses and individuals

Therefore, to manage work-related stress, they could

Remove the stressor

Minimize/remove stressors

Work/life balance initiatives

Withdraw from the stressor

Vacation, rest breaks

Change stress perceptions

Positive self-concept, humor

Control stress consequences

Healthy lifestyle, fitness, wellness

Receive social support

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Advantages of stereotype:
-Stereotype enable us to categorized people and expert what do they want. For example, when we talk about Asian people, we may stereotype them have better math ability.
-We can make a fast decision and quick judgment in a new situation. For example, we may judge someone who lives in the countryside is uneducated.
-We are able to react to the person as what they want. For example, when you are going to interview, you will generalize out must wear formal.
Disadvantages of stereotype:
-The downside of using a stereotype to make a judgment about someone is that it might be completely misguided and incorrect, causing you to act differently towards the person which can offend them.
-We make a bias judgment about others that may be incorrect therefore harmful. For example, a blonde woman may be offended if you assume she is dumb because she is blonde.
-Stereotype can create many problems in a social situation like the workplace, at school, or in the local community. For example, in the workplace, if a female boss were to manage a group of men. The female might feel that she has to prove that she is capable to do the job because of the negative stereotyping that suggests that women are less capable, and the men might in turn assume that she is bossy and incompetent, this then creating negativity for her in the company.

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Work as an accountant, you must adaptable, diligent, committed and have great attention to all details. Being as an accountant is a stressful role, it can be explained by their job scope. For example, reconcile a bank statement, create a regular financial report, monitor account payable, monitor company budget and so on. Sometimes, an accountant may face a problem when they perform their task.
1. They must able to focus under pressure. Accounting is all about making sure that every detail is just right, and when you’ve been working long hours or are under a tight deadline, it can be hard to keep your focus.
2. Deadlines are non-negotiable. Making deadlines is really important since you or your clients can often get fined if you miss them, so make sure you are not the type of person who likes to push things up to the last minute.
3. When your client changes new accounting software to manage their account. The accountant might need to transfer all the information from the current software to the new software. It may cause the previous data to become lost through the transferring process.
4. Accounting information might endanger with targeted by the hacker. It can lead to high-value data such as credit card information and bank account numbers. As an accountant, you have the responsibilities to protect your client’s data goes well.
To overcome stress:
1. An accountant must be honest about what they can actually handle. This is because the company might hire more staff or outsource accounting task in order to divide the job perfectly and reduce the burden on the accountant.
2. An accountant must make sure they have backup the accounting information to avoid any information losses. This may ensure the accountant won’t re-perform all the task again and also avoid work overload.
3. An accountant must restrict user access to only those who are authorized. This is the way to avoid targeted by the hacker and protect the client personal information.

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Pros
Predictable  ( enable to categorised people and expect what do they want)
Quick decisions
Cons
Bias/ prejudice
Restrict new ideas

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Merit of this statement is this helps an organization to categorize cultures of workers easily. So, the workers can work with others who has the same cultures. Besides, stereotyping helps an organization to group the people who has the same traits, this can help the organization to deal a problem faster, since their mind are similarly. However, there are some problems with this phenomena. One of the problem is this phenomena will lead to employment discrimination as it makes us to ignore the differences between others. This will makes our working environment become negatively.

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Working as an accountant/ accounting executive is a stressful role because accounting related jobs need to manage large amount of data, figures, and paper works for organisation’s finances. Accountant also has to work for long hours. Hence, there will be some pressure and stress and that pressure and stress may have impact on the accountant’s mental health.

Since accounting related jobs need to work for long hours, we should learn to plan and manage the works and time efficiently. Next, accountants learn to withdraw from the stressor and relax. For example, taking a few minutes each day to focus on a simple activity like breathing, walking or enjoying a meal. Besides that, maintaining good relationship and communication with family and friends as well as being honest with his colleagues and clients will also reduce an accountant’s stress.

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Comment on the accuracy of the following statement: An important objective in knowledge management is to ensure that intellectual capital is stored and preserved. 

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Comment on the accuracy of the following statement: An important objective in knowledge management is to ensure that intellectual capital is stored and preserved. 

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The changing workforce is one of the emerging trends in organizational behavior. Describe how the workforce is changing and briefly identify two effects of these changes for organizations. 

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The changing workforce is one of the emerging trends in organizational behavior. Describe how the workforce is changing and briefly identify two effects of these changes for organizations. 