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Hello everyone ! here is the summary of Language and Brain

Please comment your questions and what you think.

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The study of the relationship between language and the
brain,

The study of the biological and neural foundations of
language.

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The surface of the brain: cortex (gray matter)
The cortex:

consists of billions of neurons (nerve cells),

is the decision-making organ of the body,

The brain:

is composed of a right and a left celebral hemisphere , joined by the corpus callosum

the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side. the contralateral brain function

different human cognitive abilities and behaviors are localized in specific parts of the brain: localization

The surface of the brain: cortex (gray matter)

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1.  anterior speech cortex (Broca’s area)

2. posterior speech cortex (Wernicke’s area)

3. motor cortex

4. the arcuate fasciculus

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Patients with speech problems gave early researchers the

first clues about how the brain is involved with language.

The loss of the ability to speak is called "aphasia."

The ancient Greeks noticed that brain damage could cause

aphasia. Centuries later, in 1836, Marc Dax described a
group of patients who could not speak properly. Dax
reported that all of these patients had damage to the left
side of their brain.

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Lateralization is the term used to refer to the localization of
function to one hemisphere of the brain.

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labored speech and word-finding difficulties, agrammatic lang use absence of …

function words : articles, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, and etc.

bound morphemes (tense, plural, comparative markers)

affects the ability to form sentences with the rules of syntax,

e.g:
Doc: Tell me what did you do before you retired?
Aphasic: uh, uh, uh, puh, par, partender, no.
Doc: Carpenter?
Aphasic: (shaking head yes) Carpenter, tuh, tuh, tenty year.
Doc: Tell me about this picture.
Aphasic: boy…cook…cookie… took.. cookie

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fluent speech with good intonation,

adherence to the rules of syntax, but language is often semantically incoherent

word salad or nonsense,

e.g.
Doc: Do you like it here in Kansas City
Aphasic: Yes, I am.
Doc: I’d like you to tell me something about your problem.
Aphasic: Yes, I ugh can’t hill all of my way. I can’t talk all of the things I
do, and part of the part I can go alright, but I can’t tell from the other
people. I usually most of my things. I know what can I talk and know what
they are but I can’t always come back even though they should be in, and I
know I should something eely I should know what I’m doing…

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Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected by a

bundle of nerve fibers called the arcuate fasciculus.

Damage to the arcuate fasciculus causes a disorder called

conduction aphasia.

They mispronounce words, but typically do not have

articulation problems

People can understand language, but their speech does not

make sense and they cannot repeat words.

e.g. forms such as vaysse and fosh being reported as attempted
repetitions of the words “base” and “wash.”

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To speak a word that is heard, information must first get to the primary auditory
cortex. From the primary auditory cortex, information is transmitted to the
posterior speech area, including Wernicke's area. From Wernicke's area,
information travels to Broca's area, then to the Primary Motor Cortex.

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To speak a word that is read, information must first get to the primary visual
cortex. From the primary visual cortex, information is transmitted to the
posterior speech area, including Wernicke's area. From Wernicke's area,
information travels to Broca's area, then to the Primary Motor Cortex.