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Definition: Verbs are used to describe an action or conversation about something that occurs.

How are they used?

Verbs have four parts.

Base form: Work
-ing form: Working
Past tense: Worked
Past participle: Worked

Most verbs are considered 'regular'. However, many of the most frequently used verbs are 'irregular'.  Some examples include:

Base form: be
Past tense: was/were
Past participle: been

or

Base form: choose
Past tense: chose
Past participle: chosen

It is helpful to get familiar with many of the irregular verbs.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/irregular-verbs

Verb Phrases

There are 3 types of verbs:

Action Verbs: represent the happening of what the subject does

Examples:  "I finally realized my mistake."
"She dances every Friday night."

Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs: Verbs often appear with helping verbs to give more insight on their meaning. The complete verb would be the main verb plus any used helping verbs.

Examples:  "Comets have collided with earth many times."
"Loren had known about the plan for some time."

Linking Verbs: do not express action, but a state of condition. They define what a subject is rather than what it does. They help the main action verb in a sentence and pertain to the five senses - seeing, tasting, touching, hearing and smelling - and how we understand the world. They link the subject with a word to offer more information.

Examples:  "My carpet still feels rough."
"Loren seems anxious about the test."
"Loren is an athlete."
"Loren was glad."

Check out the following resources for further understanding:
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/verbs
http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/verbs.html

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Definition: describes something whether it be a place, person or thing.

How are they used?

All nouns have characteristics.

They are abstract or concrete.

Abstract nouns places a name on that which we cannot pick up with our senses.

Such as: willingness, enthusiasm, and angst.

Concrete nouns name persons, animals and objects we directly engage with.

Such as: Miami, Harold, soda.

They are proper or common.

A proper noun requires capitalization on the first letter of each word.

Such as: Prince Edward Island Provincial Park

A common noun does not.

Such as: water, playground, house.

Most are singular or plural while others are collective.

A singular noun can typically be made plural by adding an 's' or an 'es'.

Such as: instructor becomes instructors, class becomes classes.

Other nouns are given names to represent a group of the subject.

Such as: Countries becomes Alliance, Employees becomes Staff.

Check out the following resources for further understanding:

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/nouns
http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/nouns.html

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Definition: Adverbs are utilized to modify or qualify an adjective, verb or other adverb. They can express a place, time, circumstance, manner, cause or degree.

How are they used?

There are a few different categories of adverbs:

Adverbs that modify a verb:

Examples:
"The boy ran quickly to get ice cream."
"We will meet at Sams' house first, and then go to the restaurant."

Adverbs that modify an adjective:

Examples:
"She was so surprised about how very berry the flavour of juice was."
"The professors were often entertained by Pauls' witty comments."

Adverbs that modify another adverb:

Examples:
"John was never completely sure how to pronounce the word salmon."
"He very throughly organized his closet."

Adverbs can be conjunctive:

Such as: meanwhile, moreover, next, then, consequently.

Example:
"Timothy ate an entire pizza to himself; meanwhile, Fred only had a glass of beer. Nevertheless, they did not order dessert."

Check out the following resources for further understanding:

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/adverbials http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/adverbs.html

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Definition: Adjectives are utilized to describe, or change a noun or a pronoun. They also typically precede nouns or pronouns in a sentence or follow a verb.

How are they used?

Adjectives identify elements of a sentence such as: which one, what kind, or how many. The following are different categories of adjectives used:

Descriptive adjectives

These create imagery, emotion and associations. Some of these adjectives come from verbs and some come from nouns.

Examples:

"A new hockey rink."
(From the verb form - is running) "He wore running shorts."
(From the noun form - student) "Sally went to the student bookstore."

Articles

These are adjectives that point to which subject is being referred to.

Such as: the, an, a

Example: "The cups on a tray."

Demonstrative Adjectives

These are adjectives that point to which subject(s) are being referred to. They can take on singular and plural forms.

Singular: this, that
Plural: these, those

Possessive Adjectives

These adjectives define the ownership of the noun in discussion.

Such as: my, our, your, his, her, its and their.

Examples:

"Their large cup of coffee."
"Its light colour of purple."

Indefinite Adjectives

These adjectives include the words: some, many, any, few, several and all.

Examples:

Many pelicans.
Few singers.

Questioning Adjectives

These adjectives help modify nouns or pronouns.

Such as: which, what

"Which dress did you like better, and what do you think of these nude coloured shoes to match them?"

Check out the following resources for further understanding:

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/adjectives http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/adjectives.html

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Definition: Pronouns replace nouns to avoid their overuse.

How are they used?

Without pronouns a paragraph may read:

"Doctor Harold Wright is a great family practitioner. Doctor Harold Wright helped Sue Smith through Sue Smiths' recovery. Sue Smith recently saw Doctor Harold Wright at the nearby coffee shop on Queen street. Sue smith was delighted to see Doctor Harold Wright. Doctor Harold Wright recommended attending the nearby park where Doctor Harold Wright had just gone for a walk."

With pronouns a paragraph may read:

"Doctor Harold Wright is a great family practitioner. He helped Sue Smith through her recovery. She recently saw him at the nearby coffee shop on Queen street. She was delighted to see him. He recommended attending the nearby park where he had just gone for a walk."

There are six types of pronouns:

Personal

These pronouns have three characteristics: the number, the person, and the case.

- The number determines whether a pronoun is singular (her) or plural (them).

- The person can be in 1st, 2nd or third person. The 1st is the person speaking as: I. The second person is the one being to spoken to: you. The third is being spoken of: he, she, it, they, or them. The pronoun must sync with its antecedent in person and number.

A group of professors must be referred to as they or them, but not us.
A professor must be referred to as he or she, him or her, they or them (if they identify as such) not as we or you.

- The case determines what the role a pronoun is undertaking.

Correct: "I expect a sale at the store soon."
Incorrect: "Me expect a sale at the store soon."

Subjective Pronouns
1st Person (singular, plural) : I, we
2nd Person (singular, plural) : you
3rd Person (singular) : he, she, it
3rd Person (plural) : they

Objective Pronouns
1st Person (singular, plural) : me, us
2nd Person (singular, plural) : you
3rd Person (singular, plural) : him, her, it
3rd Person (plural) : them

Credit: https://www.k5learning.com/blog/puzzling-pronouns-compound-subjects-and-objects

Indefinite

These pronouns refer to general people, places or things. They are utilized in third person and can be subjective or objective. The only discrepancy is whether that indefinite pronoun is singular or plural. The following are some examples:

-Singular

everyone, anybody, anything, everybody, someone, something, several, other, one, nobody, nothing

-Plural

both, few, many, others, several

Possessive

These replace possessive nouns.

Such as: "Harold's toothbrush."
Becomes: "His toothbrush."

Reflexive

These create emphasis in a sentence.

Such as: Harold himself brushed his teeth.

To note, a reflexive pronoun cannot replace the subject of a sentence.

Such as: "Harold and myself are going shopping."
Must be: "Harold and I are going shopping."

Relative

These begin an act to refer to a noun in a sentence.

Such as: that, who, which, whom, whoever, whomever, whose, what

In phrase: "Harold is a professional runner who helped me complete my first marathon."

Demonstrative

These represent specific people, places or things.

Such as: this, that, these, those

In phrase: "This is a peculiar flower."

Check out the following resources for further understanding:

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/pronouns
http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/pronouns.html

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Definition: these make connections between words, phrases or clauses.

How are they used?

There are three different types:

Coordinating Conjunctions

Link elements of grammatical equal value.

The seven coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet.

Correlative Conjunctions

These conjunctions achieve a balanced structure in a sentence to connect words, phrases or clauses. It is important to note the grammatical structure of the first half is congruent with the second half.

Such as:
Both, And
Either, Or
Not only, but also

Example: "It was not only cold outside, but also raining."

Subordinating Conjunctions

These are used to justify a dependent clause to an independent clause.

Such as: even though, than, whenever, as if, so that.

Examples:
"Although I enjoy the smell of rain, I dislike getting wet."
"They were acting as if the music was not too loud, yet the walls were shaking."

Conjunctive Adverbs

These are used to connect sentences and independent clauses.

Some of the most common include: however, therefore, moreover, and nevertheless.

Example: The cheesecake was delicious; moreover, the cherry icing complimented the chocolate notes of the cake.

Check out the following resources for further understanding:

https://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/conjunctions.htm http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/conjunctions.html

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Definition: Demonstrate a relationship between another word in the sentence and the noun or pronoun in subject. A preposition is never followed by a verb.

How are they used?

In simple terms, they normally describe where or when something is in relation to something else.

Common prepositions include: above, about, beside, between, down, during, except, near, since, and toward.

There are two basic formulas for its use:

preposition + noun or pronoun = prepositional phrase

preposition + adjectives + noun or pronoun = prepositional phrase

Examples:

in a blue boat
under the sea
above crashing waves

Check out the following resources for further understanding:

https://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/prepositions.htm http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/prepositions.html

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Definition: A word that is added to a sentence to help describe an emotion or sentiment.

How are they used?

There are two forms in which interjections take:

Single-word Interjections

There are many, some include: Phew! Ouch! Wow!

Examples in phrase:

"Phew! I'm glad I got that rice off the stove in time."
"Ouch! I just hit my elbow on the doorframe."

Multi-word Interjections

Some include: Oh, really? or Holy Cow!

Examples in phrase:

"Oh, really? I never realized there was a gas station located so nearby to the college."
"Holy Cow! That kid was riding their bicycle really fast."

Check out the following resources for further understanding:

https://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/interjections.htm https://www.grammarly.com/blog/interjection/

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