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- Hospital infection rates were high due to no antisepsis and unsanitary condition
-"Hospital" gangrene was the most often cause of death after surgery
-Multiple patients were sharing beds.
-Dead bodies often left in beds for more than 24 hours with living patients
-  Rats infested hospital beds
- Beds were made from straw and animal fu

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- Hospital mortality due to infection is high.
-Large nosocomial infection was louse-born typhus.
-In military hospitals thousands were admitted with slight injuries but died form hospital acquired infections.
- First PPE was made from leather and bird like mask.

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- Popular belief was that infection in hospitals was spread through poor ventilation and overcrowded conditions.
-James Simpson and Florence Nightingale supported that theory.
-- Germ theory was not popular and physicians did not believe in washing their hands between patients

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- Ignaz Semmelweis consider pioneer in antiseptic technique.
- He came up with the idea of doctors and nurses washing hands between patient and autopsies.
- His idea was poorly received by his peers.
-Isolation of patient with infectious diseases still new and not widely used.
- Lister aseptic technique
- William Halsted introduction of surgical rubber gloves.
-Cleaning of operating rooms between patients.
- Bathing patients on admission.

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- Creation of antibiotics reduces
infection.
-  New infection prevention policies and procedures are implemented.
- Isolation of patients suffering form infectious diseases like TB and malaria.
- Education about infection control in the hospitals.

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- Hand and environmental hygiene are primary prevention strategies.
- Education to patient and visitors about the importance of hand hygiene.
-Caution when using antibiotics, especially broad spectrum.
-Single patient rooms.
- Use of PPE.
- Bundles  of care.
- Advances in cleaning techniques - ultra-microfiber cloths, self-disinfecting surfaces, light activated photosensitizer , no-touch room decontamination methods.
- laws and regulations addressing hospital acquired infections.